• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2001

Contraction of smooth muscle is initiated by an increase in cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ leading to activation of $Ca^{2+}$/ calmodulin-dependnet myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and phosphorylation of MLC. The types of contraction and signaling mechanisms mediating contraction differ depending on the region. The involvement of these different mechanisms varies depending on the source of $Ca^{2+}$ and the kinetic of $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization. $Ca^{2+}$ mobilizing agonists stimulate different phospholipases $(PLC-{\beta},\;PLD\;and\;PLA_2)$ to generate one or more $Ca^{2+}$ mobilizing messengers $(IP_3\;and\;AA),$ and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). The relative contributions of $PLC-{\beta},\;PLA_2$ and PLD to generate second messengers vary greatly between cells and types of contraction. In smooth muscle cell derived form the circular muscle layer of the intestine, preferential hydrolysis of $PIP_2$ and generation of $IP_3$ and $IP_3-dependent\;Ca^{2+}$ release initiate the contraction. In smooth muscle cells derived from longitudinal muscle layer of the intestine, preferential hydrolysis of PC by PLA2, generation of AA and AA-mediated $Ca^{2+}$ influx, cADP ribose formation and $Ca^{2+}-induced\;Ca^{2+}$ release initiate the contraction. Sustained contraction, however, in both cell types is mediated by $Ca^{2+}-independent$ mechanism involving activation of $PKC-{\varepsilon}$ by DAG derived form PLD. A functional linkage between $G_{13},$ RhoA, ROCK, $PKC-{\varepsilon},$ CPI-17 and MLC phosphorylation in sustained contraction has been implicated. Contraction of normal esophageal circular muscle (ESO) in response to acetylcholine (ACh) is linked to $M_2$ muscarinic receptors activating at least three intracellular phospholipases, i.e. phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), phospholipase D (PLD) and the high molecular weight (85 kDa) cytosolic phospholipase $A_2\;(cPLA_2)$ to induce phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism, production of diacylglycerol (DAG) and arachidonic acid (AA), resulting in activation of a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathway. In contrast, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) contraction induced by maximally effective doses of ACh is mediated by muscarinic $M_3$ receptors, linked to pertussis toxin-insensitive GTP-binding proteins of the $G_{q/11}$ type. They activate phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate $(PIP_2),$ producing inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate $(IP_3)$ and DAG. $IP_3$ causes release of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and formation of a $Ca^{2+}$-calmodulin complex, resulting in activation of myosin light chain kinase and contraction through a calmodulin-dependent pathway.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.497-503
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to induce artificial arthritis on rabbit TMJ by injecting collagenase. Materials and Methods: An experimental animal model of arthritis induced by surgical method or intraarticular injection of chemical agent like LDH, papain, ketorolac. Surgical method is complex and needs a long time in inducing arthritis. Intra-articular injection of chemical agent like LDH, papain, ketorolac is simple. But chemical agent like LDH, papain, ketololac needs multiple injections to induce arthritis and mechanism inducing arthritis was known. Collagenase destroys helical domain of type II collagen in extracellular matrix produced by chondrocyte and then induces arthritis. We injected collagenase (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg) into the temporomandibular joint of rabbit. In the control group saline was intra-articularly injected. The condylar cartilage, disk and synovia were histologically examined at 1, 2, 4, 6 weeks after the initiation of collagenase injections. Results: Four weeks after injection of 2.0 mg collagenase, we could see histologic change like arthritis. In other groups, we couldn't see arthritis-like change. Conclusion: In our study, we produce arthritis on temporomandibular joint of rabbit by using injection of collagenase in temporomandibular joint of rabbit. And this experimental osteoarthritis is a useful animal model.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2014

Purpose: Maxillofacial fractures are rapidly increasing from car accidents, industrial accidents, teenaged criminal activity, and sports injuries. Accurate assessment, appropriate diagnosis, and preparing individual treatment plans are necessary to reduce surgical complications. We investigated recent trends of facial bone fracture by period, cause, and type, with the objective of reducing surgical complications. Methods: To investigate time trends of maxillofacial fractures, we reviewed medical records from 2,196 patients with maxillofacial fractures in 1981~1987 (Group A), 1995~1999 (Group B), and 2008~2012 (Group C). We analyzed each group, comparing the number of patients, sex ratio, age, fracture site, and etiology. Results: The number of patients in each period was 418, 516, and 1,262 in Groups A to C. Of note is the increase in the number of patients from Group A to C. The sex ratios were 5.6:1, 3.5:1, and 3.8:1 in Groups A, B, and C. The most affected age group for fracture is 20~29 in all three groups. Traffic accidents are the most common cause in Groups A and B, while there were somewhat different causes of fracture in Group C. Sports-induced facial trauma was twice as high in Group C compared with Group A and B. Mandible fracture accounts for a large portion of facial bone fractures overall. Conclusion: We observed an increase in facial bone fracture patients at Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital over the years. Although facial injury caused by traffic accidents was still a major cause of facial bone fracture in all periods, the percentage decreased. In recent years, isolated mandible fracture increased but mandible and mid-facial complex fracture decreased, possibly because of a reduction in traffic accidents.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.371-384
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• 2012

Objectives : The meridian system is a systematic complex of empirical knowledge, which functions as a basis of acupuncture treatment. In this article, we reviewed the visualization methods of meridian and acupuncture points through the investigation of the characteristics of Diagram of Meridians, Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, Bronze Statues and Diagram of Bronze Statue. Methods : We investigated the characteristics of Diagram of Meridians, Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, and Bronze Statues. We reviewed the visualization methods of meridian and acupuncture points in those classical Diagrams and analyzed their relationships among them. Results : In order to explain the meridian and acupuncture points easily, ancient people usually used drawings which are named Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, by their own characteristics. Owing to their limitations of drawings on the 2 dimensional plane, Chinese people designed the Bronze Statue for Acu-moxibustion and its first invention was invented in Tiansheng age of Song dynasty. For several decades and centuries, these models and drawings were inherited, also reflecting variations of meridian system. As the Bronze Statue has a deficiency in the educational use because of its limitations of mass production, Diagram of Bronze Statue drawn on the 2 dimensional plane was invented. At the beginning of Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, Diagram of Bronze Statue and Bronze Statue, their own characteristics were significantly differed with other diagrams and statues. We found that both diagrams and statues were gradually combined with description of the relationship between internal organs and the skeletal structure and the meridian system. Conclusions : Our findings suggest that Diagram of Meridians, Mingtang Diagram, Diagram of Meridians and Collaterals, and Bronze Statues are the basic form of data visualization, one of the infographics. We suggest that ancient Chinese people intend to explain the empirical knowledge using the ancient infographics of meridian system, but have limitations on reflecting theorical or abstractional meaning.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.1758-1763
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• 2010

골다공증은 복합적 전신 골격 질환으로, 공중 보건 분야의 전세계적인 주요한 관심 질환의 한 가지이다. 골다공증은 유전적 영향을 받는 질환으로, 낮은 골밀도와 적은 외력 의한 골다공성 골절 등의 특징을 보이며, 강한 유전성을 나타내는 질환이다. 그러나, 낮은 골밀도과 연관된 특정한 유전자의 다형성은 아직까지 많이 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 SQSTM1 유전자의 유전적 다형성과 낮은 골밀도 사이의 상관성을 확인하기 위해, 한국인 유전체 연구(Korean Association Resource, KARE)에서 골밀도를 측정한 7,225명(남성: 3,622명, 여성: 3,603명)을 대상으로 SQSTM1 유전자 다형성과 골밀도 간의 선형 회기 분석을 하였다. BD-RT (원위 요골의 T 점수로 예측한 골밀도)에서 SQSTM1 유전자에서 3개의 SNP (rs513235, rs3734007, rs11249661)가 유의한 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, BD-TT (중위 경골의 T 점수로 예측한 골밀도)에서는 4개의 SNP (rs513235, rs3734007, rs2241349, rs11249661)가 유의한 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 3개의 SNP (rs513235, rs3734007, rs11249661)는 BD-RT와 BD-TT 두 종류의 골밀도에서 공통적으로 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 골밀도와 SQSTM1 유전자의 다형성 간에 통계적으로 유의한 상관성을 가지며, SQSTM1 유전자는 골다공증의 발병과정에 관련이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to propose the utilization plan of Ryodoraku in the U-health care systems. Methods : Computerized literature searches were performed for Ryodoraku related articles using the following databases: KISS, RISS, DBPIA, NDSL from 1990 to Oct 2010. Search terms were '양도락' or 'Ryodoraku' or 'U-health'. Due to Ryodoraku coming from Japan, additional literature review(articles published by 2008) on Japanese journal of Ryodoraku medicine was done for compensation. Results : 1. Introduction of U-health : As rapid progress of population aging and strong interest in health, the demand for the traditional Korean medical service is increasing. Until now healthcare service has provided post treatment by face-to-face manner. But according to related researches, proactive treatment is resulted to be more effective for preventing diseases. Particularly, the existing healthcare services have limitations in preventing and managing chronic geriatric degenrative diseases such as metabolic syndrome, CVA, coronary heart diseases, parkinson's diseases, degenerative joint disease, spondylosis, etc., because the cause of the above is complex and even related to life habit. As the advent of ubiquitous technology, patients with the chronic geriatric degenrative diseases can improve life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity without the constraints of time and space through u-healthcare service. Therefor, lots of researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the personalized healthcare service for preventing and managing that. To cope with this situations, The concept of u-healthcare service should be adopted in the traditional korean medicine and diagnostic devices suitable for it should be also devised and developed based on traditonal korean medine. 2. Review of existing Ryodoraku related articles for applying to U-health : articles investigating feasibility applying Ryodoraku to meridian diagnosis and raising problems of it, articles providing recent research trends of Ryodoraku, Ryodoraku related articles considering usefulness for U-health, and articles confirming the repeatability and reproducity of Ryodoraku were included. Based on the review of the above Ryodoraku related articles, several application of Ryodoraku in the U-health care system. Conclusions : To make preparations for the increasing need of traditional Korean medicine due to rising morbidity rate of chronic geriatric degenerative diseases, it is necessary to appropriately apply Ryodoraku to the U-health care system. The application of Ryodoraku is as follows. 1. To use Ryodoraku additionally to the established diagnostic device of metabolic syndrome, CVA, coronary heart diseases, parkinson's diseases, degenerative joint disease, spondylosis. 2. To apply Ryodoraku to the symptoms or diseases having a tendency to be diagnosed by correlation between the affected meridian and the lesion such as headache, nuchal pain, shoulder pain, low back pain, sciatica, HNP, etc. 3. To secure the repeatability and reproducity of Ryodoraku. 4. To devise and develop Ryodoraku appliance in order to overcome the known drawbacks and to improve error of measurement.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.9-28
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• 1982

Guinea pig의 發情週期를 發情前期, 發情期, 發情後期, 그리고 發情間期의 4단계로 구분하여 子宮內膜의 表層上皮細胞에 있어서의 미세구조상의 변화와 이 세포들의 acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase 그리고 adenosine triphosphatase의 활성의 변화를 細胞化學的인 방법에 의하여 관찰하였고 발정주기에 따른 자궁내막표층상피세포 표면의 미세구조 변화를 走査電子顯微鏡으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 表層上皮細胞들은 발정기와 발정간기에서 單層圓柱形이며 발정기와 발정후기에서는 多列上皮組織으로 관찰되었고 발정전기에서 핵과 세포질의 비율이 크고 발정기에서는 세포와 핵들이 신장된 형태를 보이며 세포질이 증가하여 세포질이 子宮腔에 돌출된 모습이 관찰된 반면 발정후기와 발정간기에서는 세포의 길이가 작아졌다. 2. 細胞質내의 세포기관들은 발정기에서 미토콘드리아 및 유리리보좀의 증가와 粗面小胞多層版 構造物, 脂肪適, 리소조옴들이 다수 출현하였다. 3. 走査電子顯微鏡에 의한 연구로써 발정전기와 발정기에서 자궁내막의 표층상피세포들의 표면 미세구조는 세포의 境界가 뚜렷하였으며 특히 발정기에서는 多角形의 세포가 규칙적인 배열을 보였고 세포표면이 자궁강에 돌출된 구조를 나타냈으며, 발정후기와 발정간기의 표면은 편편하며 세포의 경계가 뚜렷하지 못하였다. 4. 微細絨毛는 발정기에서 가장 조밀하고 길게 發達된 반면에 발정후기와 발정간기에서는 짧은 미세융모가 관찰되고 數적인 면에서 감소된 경향을 보였다. 5. 전자현미경에 의한 효소활성의 관찰 결과 acid phosphatase는 발정후기에서 미세융모와 공포, alkaline phosphatase는 발정후기때 미세융모, 세포표면, 그리고 측면세포막에 매우 높은 활성을 나타내며 ATPase의 경우 발정전기와 발정기에서 미세융모와 세포막에 높은 활성을 보였다

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.13-29
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 인쇄본 학술지 발행과정에서 발생된 학술지의 전자출판 파일을 활용하여 신속하고 효율적으로 초록 데이터베이스를 구축하는데 있어서, 2001년 현시점에서 무엇이 가능하며 어떤 것이 문제점인지를, 현재 국내에서 영문으로 구축되고 있는 한국 의학학술지 논문의 초록 데이터베이스인 KoreaMed를 중심으로 분석하였다. 학술지 인쇄출판시 생성된 컴퓨터 파일을 이용하여 초록정보 데이터베이스를 구축하는 KoreaMed의 구축방법론은 데이터의 정확성, 입력작업의 신속성, 비용절감 등에 있어서 그 효율성은 입증되었으나, 학회의 절대적인 협조 없이는 매우 어려운 작업이다. 국내 학회와 인쇄소의 영세성으로 학술지 파일의 보관이 잘 안되어 있어서 학술지 과월호 파일의 수집이 수월하지 않으며, 새로 발행되는 호의 컴퓨터 파일 수집을 위해 학회와 계속적인 관계를 유지하는 것 또한 매우 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 전자출판 파일을 이용하여 데이터를 가공하는데 있어서 제일 까다로운 문제는 특수문자의 처리이며, 학술지마다 출판형식 (layout과 format)과 파일 구성방식이 다르고, 사용하는 출판편집 소프트웨어가 다르며, 학술지 파일의 수록매체 등이 매우 다양한 것도 데이터 처리를 복잡하게 만드는 문제점인 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 학술지 발행과 동시에 학술지 발행기관이 직접 XML로 가공하여 KoreaMed에 제출하는 등 KoreaMed 시스템을 신속하고 효율적으로 구축하기 위한 공조체제를 갖추기 위해서는, 학술지 전자출판파일의 관리와 XML파일 만들기 등에 대한 계속적인 홍보와 교육이 필요하다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2016

Objective : The inter-rater reliability of the modified Knosp's classification was measured before the analysis. The clinical validity of the parasellar extension grading system was evaluated by investigating the extents of resection and complication rates among the grades in the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) for pituitary adenomas. Methods : From November 2008 to August 2015, of the 286 patients who underwent EETS by the senior author, 208 were pituitary adenoma cases (146 non-functioning pituitary adenomas, 10 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting adenomas, 31 growth hormone-secreting adenomas, 17 prolactin-secreting adenomas, and 4 thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting adenomas; 23 microadenomas, 174 macroadenomas, and 11 giant adenomas). Two neurosurgeons and a neuroradiologist independently measured the degree of parasellar extension on the preoperative sellar MRI according to the modified Knosp's classification. Inter-rater reliability was statistically assessed by measuring the intraclass correlation coefficient. The extents of resection were evaluated by comparison of the pre- and post-operative MR images; the neurovascular complications were assessed by reviewing the patients' medical records. The extent of resection was measured in each parasellar extension grade; thereafter, their statistical differences were calculated. Results : The intraclass correlation coefficient value of reliability across the three raters amounted to 0.862. The gross total removal (GTR) rates achieved in each grade were 70.0, 69.8, 62.9, 21.4, 37.5, and 4.3% in Grades 0, 1, 2, 3A, 3B, and 4, respectively. A significant difference in the extent of resection was observed only between Grades 2 and 3A. In addition, significantly higher complication rates were observed in the groups above Grade 3A. Conclusion : Although the modified Knosp's classification system appears to be complex, its inter-rater reliability proves to be excellent. Regarding the clinical validity of the parasellar extension grading system, Grades 3A, 3B, and 4 have a negative predictive value for the GTR rate, with higher complication rates.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2014

본 연구는 지역사회네트워크 기반 사회복지프로그램 기획을 준비함에 있어 컨셉트 맵핑을 활용하고 그 적용가능성을 경험적으로 확인하는 것이다. 컨셉트 맵핑은 다양한 이해관계자들 사이의 모호하고 복잡한 아이디어를 구조화하여 시각적으로 제시해 주는 의사결정 도구이다. 이미 상담, 간호, 공중보건 등 휴먼서비스 영역을 중심으로 프로그램 기획 및 평가 과정에서 나타나는 복잡하고 추상적인 아이디어를 개념화하는데 활용되고 있다. 최근, 우리나라에서도 상담 및 의료 영역에서 서비스 제공자와 이용자 간의 존재하는 성과의 차이를 경험적으로 인지하고, 합의를 이끌어 내는 도구로 활용하고 그 효과성이 발표되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 부산광역시 북구에서 아동 청소년을 대상으로 진행되고 있는 부산공동모금회지원 CI사업의 3차년도 사업기획을 준비하면서 사업주체들이 기대하는 성과를 컨셉트 맵핑을 활용하여 개념화하였다. 컨셉트 맵핑은 준비 단계, 아이디어 수집 단계, 서술문 구조화 단계, 표현 단계, 분석결과 해석 단계, 유용화 단계로 이루어졌다. 참여자들은 부산 북구 사회복지기관 종사자 11명이였으며, 이들이 제시한 서술문은 총 60개였다. 이들이 제시한 서술문을 유사성 행렬 형태로 전환하여 다차원 척도법 분석을 실시하였다. 군집은 총 5개로, '아동 청소년의 인식 및 태도변화', '아동 청소년 체계의 변화', '우호적인 지역사회 형성', '지역주민의 변화', '사업공급주체의 변화'였다. 이 중 가장 우선적으로 성취되어야 할 성과는 '아동 청소년의 인식 및 태도 변화'로, 이 성과를 중심으로 3차년도 사업을 기획하게 되었다. 컨셉트 맵핑을 활용하여 성과를 개념화하는 의사결정과정을 거치면서, 참여 구성원들은 사업의 성과에 대해 명확하게 개념화하였고, 이 성과에 대한 합의가 도출되었다.