• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2006

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 2008

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of human genetic variation. Non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) change an amino acid. Organic anion transporters (OATs) play an important role in eliminating or reabsorbing endogenous and exogenous organic anionic compounds. Among OATs, hOAT4 mediates high affinity transport of estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. The rapid bone loss that occurs in post-menopausal women is mainly due to a net decrease of estrogen. In the present study we searched for SNPs within the exon regions of hOAT4 in Korean women osteoporosis patients. Fifty healthy subjects and 50 subjects with osteoporosis were screened for genetic polymorphism in the coding region of SLC22A11 (hOAT4) using GC-clamp PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). We found three SNPs in the hOAT4 gene. Two were in the osteoporosis group (C483A and G832A) and one in the normal group (C847T). One of the SNPs, G832A, is an nsSNP that changes the $278^{th}$ amino acid from glutamic acid to lysine (E278K). Uptake of [$3^H$] estrone sulfate by oocytes injected with the hOAT4 E278K mutant was reduced compared with wild-type hOAT4. Km values for wild type and E278K were $0.7{\mu}M$ and $1.2{\mu}M$, and Vmax values were 1.8 and 0.47 pmol/oocyte/h, respectively. The present study demonstrates that hOAT4 variants can causing inter-individual variation in anionic drug uptake and, therefore, could be used as markers for certain diseases including osteoporosis.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the pain patterns and factors affecting low back pain in middle-aged women with backache. Method: A descriptive research design was utilized. The participants were middle-aged women who visited to two back pain clinics in Wonju from October, 2006 through February, 2007. A total of 195 low back pain patients agreed to participate in this study, and data from 177 were analyzed. Data were collected using a questionnaire which included a modified short-form Korean pain rating scale, demographic factors, factors related to low back pain and health behavior. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis was utilized in the analysis. Results: The mean score for low back pain was relatively low(M=21.57, SD=11.44). Among pain patterns, scores for dull pain were the highest of all the dimensions. In the regression analysis, significant factors affecting low back pain were found to be age, level of education, religion, BMI, experience of pregnancy, delivery type and exercise. These variables explained 24.8% of variance in low back pain(F=3.79, p<.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that nurses need for assessment and intervention to take into consideration pain patterns as well as factors affecting middle-age women with backache.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.125-149
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• 1997

The role of nurses in Korea is undergoing significant change because of the economic development, medical insurance and the change of family structure. It will be predicted that the nurse's role is extended more and more in the 21C. So the nursing curriculum in nursing education is the most important thing to prepare a good quality of nursing. Furthermore qualified curriculum calls for the development of desirable attitudes in nursing students. The purpose of this descriptive study was to collect data which can be used to facilitate the process of encouraging every college to assume greater responsibility for needed curriculum and educational conditions related to preperation of nursing students for various developed society toward 21C. A total sixty one nursing college were surveyed by mail during August and October 1997. Thirty six college(59%) responded. The data was analyzed by using SAS program. The results are as follows : 1) 32 college(88.9%) answered that they have Nursing educational philosophy and goal. 2) Total credits are 136credits, and the students who don't have teacher's course need 128 credits. 3) Nursing essential subjects comprise 84 credits, and nursing clinical practice subjects are 19 credits. 4) 15 colleges(41.7%) have their own hospital for student's clinical practice, 36 college(100%) take the community nursing practice in public health center, 34college(94.4%) take the school health nursing practice. 5 college(13.9%) have industrial nursing practice. 5) 3-year nursing college have 6.4 professor, 3.5 assistent professor, 1.9 and 3.4 full faculty and 7.4 part time faculty. We sugest that 3-year college have to have nursing educational philosophy and goal in terms of nursing educational standard. To improve the quality of nursing education every college should try to increase the number of professor and to contact qualified hospital for students clinical practice.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2039-2044
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to obtain a screening and early detection reference for children whose mothers had been diagnosed with cancer. Data for 276 mother-child pairs with malignant tumors were analyzed. The distribution of cancers in affected families was generally similar to that of the general Chinese population, and correspondingly breast cancer was the most common malignancy amongst daughters whose mother had cancer (32.7%). The most prevalent cancer amongst sons with affected mothers was gastric cancer, rather than lung cancer. Daughters were more likely to have the same kind of malignant tumor as their mother (P<0.05), and were more likely to develop breast cancer than any other malignant disease if their mother had a breast tumor (P<0.0001). Likewise, if the mother was diagnosed with breast or gynecological cancer, the daughter was more likely to be diagnosed with breast or gynecological cancer than any other cancer (P<0.01). Daughters and sons developed malignant diseases 11 and 6.5 years earlier than their mothers, respectively (P<0.0001).Women with a mother who suffered cancer should be screened for malignancy from 40 years of age especially for breast, lung, and gynecological cancers. For men with affected mothers, screening should start when they are 45 years old focusing particularly on lung and digestive system cancers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.16
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• pp.6697-6701
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• 2014

Background: In the etiology of cervical cancer not only HPV infection is important, but also other factors such as demographic influences andsexual and reproductive health attitudes, as well as others related to preventive measure usage (or non usage). The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with cervical dysplasia in asymptomatic women who were examined by routine cytology and cervical biopsy for early detection of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: Socio-demographic and other characteristics were obtained from medical files of 85 examinees with pathologic cytologic findings (Pap test) and histopathologic (HP) findings after biopsy. Results: ccording to the Pap test result, a greater probability for development of cervical dysplasia was noted with examinees having a larger number of sexual partners (OR= 5.01, 95% CI 1.04-24.10), and those who are afraid of the Pap finding. Risk factors for development of cervical dysplasia according to the bioptic finding were early beginning with sexual activities, presence of any STD in personal medical history and fear of the Pap test finding. Conclusions: The only risk factor found to be important for both methods was fear of the Pap testing finding.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2002

Objectives : The reproductive history of women has been suggested to have a possible influence on the risk of osteoporotic fractures. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between reproductive history and hip fractures in the elderly women. Methods : The study subjects were drawn from women members of the Korean Elderly Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohort (KEPEC), aged 65 years or over, whose reproductive histories were available, and who were beneficiaries of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) in 1993 and lived in Busan city, Korea. The information on reproductive histories, and possible confounders, were collected from mailed questionnaires. Potential hip fracture cases were collected from the claims data obtained between 1993 and 1998, with a hospital survey conducted to confirm the final diagnoses. Rate ratios and their 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using a Cox's proportional hazard model. Results : Following up 5,215 women for 6 years, 51 cases were confirmed with hip fractures. When adjusted for age, weight and physical activity, the rate ratio of hip fractures in women who had given birth three or more times was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.25-1.25), compared with those who had given birth two or less times. When adjusted for age, number of births, weight and physical activity, the rate ratio in women who first gave birth when younger than 22 years was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.34-1.08) compared with those who had giving birth at 22 years or older. Conclusions : According to these findings, an early age when first giving birth might decrease the risk of hip fractures in elderly Korean women.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.3 s.54
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• pp.555-563
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• 1996

Nationwide incidence survey was conducted to estimate the annual incidence rates of colorectal cancer among Koreans between Jan 1, 1988 and Dec 31, 1989. The population of the incidence survey was the beneficiaries of Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC), which were about 4,500,000 persons. The medical records of patients with diagnosis of either ICD-9 153(colon cancer), 154(rectal caner), 197(secondary malignant neoplasm of digestive and respiratory system), or 211(benign neoplasm of digestive system) were abstracted for the period with the standard format. The diagnosis was confirmed by one oncologist through the review of these abstracts. The numerator of the rate was finally defined as the incident colorectal cancer cases diagnosed between July 1, 1988 and June 30, 1989. The crude annual incidence of colorectal cancer for men was 13.1 per 100,000 and 10.6 for women, which was still low when compared with those of Japan and China during the same period. Age-adjusted sex ratio was 1.2 for right-sided colon cancer and 1.9 for left-sided colon cancer. The excess of right colon cancer among postmenopausal women was remarkable, so further analytical approach would be needed to investigate which factors are related with this phenomenon.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.82-83
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• 2003

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.697-702
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• 2016

Background: The Asia-Pacific Breast Initiatives (APBI) I and II registries were established to collect safety data for patients with early stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant docetaxel-based regimens in the Asia-Pacific region. Materials and Methods: Data from the two registries were combined to perform a safety analysis. Participants in the registry were women with early stage operable breast cancer with an intermediate or high risk of recurrence. These women received adjuvant chemotherapy that included docetaxel between 2006 and 2011. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded and analyzed. Results: Data were collected from 3,224 patients from 13 countries. The mean dose intensity of docetaxel was 24.1, 22.7, $25.1mg/m^2/week$ among patients receiving docetaxel-based monotherapy, combination therapy and sequential therapy, respectively. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was given with docetaxel to 41.8% of women and 20.6% of women receiving prophylactic antibiotics. Adverse events were reported in 86% of patients (anthracycline-containing regimens vs. non-anthracycline regimens; 87% vs. 80%). The most common adverse events were alopecia, nausea, neutropenia, vomiting, and myalgia. Adverse events NCI CTCAE ${\geq}$Grade 3 were reported in 45.4% of patients. Serious adverse events were reported in 13% of patients, of which 2.5% led to study discontinuation. Forty-six deaths (1.4%) were reported, with no significant difference between regimens. Conclusions: The safety parameters of adjuvant docetaxel therapy used to treat sequential Asian women were comparable to those reported in clinical trials evaluating the role of adjuvant docetaxel. No unusual adverse events linked to Asia-Pacific region patients were observed.