• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.71-97
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• 2021

The meaning of the amendment to the Media Arbitration Act in our society is not limited to media companies. And it's not just a problem for a specific group. It expresses public value because it is an issue that can affect members of society as a whole and furthermore, it becomes a bill that can infringe or strengthen individual freedom guaranteed by the Constitution, but makes different arguments. Freedom of speech is not achieved in a day and should not be easily lost by someone. Although it is not a frequent problem, fatal threats arising from wrong media reports take away an individual's present and future. It is because of this problem that the responsibility is important. Freedom of speech and control are heading in different directions, but they are the same as the front and back of the coin. The freedom pursued is different, but it consists of one body. If freedom and responsibility of speech made up of one body criticize or ignore each other, the results are scattered into a distorted On the other hand, the flexion of responsibility without freedom serves as a speaker that conveys the ideology of some classes or represents the interests of a particular group. The fact that the media should act as the air of society means that it should represent the interests of the majority, make them aware of the rights of unfair or marginalized members, and be their strength.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.291-315
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• 2019

The aim of the present study was to compare the research trends on disinformation between Korean and abroad. To achieve this objective, a total of 283 author-assigned English keywords in 104 Korean papers and 3,551 author-assigned English keywords in 861 abroad papers were collected from the whole research fields and the publication periods. The collected data were analyzed using NetMiner V.4 to discover their 'degree centrality' and 'betweenness centrality'of the keyword network. The result are as follows. First, the major research topics of disinformation in Korea were drawn such as 'Freedom of Expression', 'Fact Check', 'Regulation', 'Media Literacy', and 'Information Literacy' in order; whereas, in abroad were shown like 'Social Media', 'Post Truth', 'Propaganda', 'Information Literacy', and 'Journalism' in order. Second, in terms of the influence of research topics related to disinformation, in Korea were identified such as 'Fact Check', 'Freedom of Expression', and 'Hoax' in order; whereas, in abroad were shown such as 'Social Media' and 'Detection' in order. Finally, in an aspect of intervention of research topics related to disinformation, in Korea were 'Fact Check', 'Polarization', 'Freedom of Expression', and 'Commercial'; whereas, in abroad were 'Social Media', 'Detection', and 'Machine Learning' in order.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 2021

Purpose - This empirical study examined the influence of post-communist countries sociol-political factor of freedom of expression preconditioning, and trust in agency, mediating performance expectancy of social media users representing the citizens' behavioural intention to utilize social media in a post-communist country, the case of Mongolia. Design/methodology/approach - This research collected 403 valid survey data from citizens those who use social media in Mongolia. The study used Partial Least Squire (PLS) analysis with the research conceptual model founded on the UTAUT model. Findings - The study shown that citizens in post-communist, they strongly willing freedom of expression, which driving as a positive precondition factor, and this has an indirect positive influence, and trust in agency mediates to enhance performance expectancy. Social influence, and effort expectancy factors have direct positive influence on the intention to use of social media systems in the public sector domain of Mongolia. Research implications or Originality - This research proposed a new model to test citizens' intention to use social media as a communication tool to engage with public organizations in the pre-adoption stage of post-communist countries. Theoretically, this research builds up to the unique theoretical contribution with social media by examining a new social media-based third-party intercommunication medium, incorporating intent to utilize for citizens with government in post-communist countries. Practically, this article lays out the directions to aid social media usage for government sector with concerning citizens intentions in the post-communist situation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.209-220
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• 2017

This study explores what are the factors which influence the perception of press professionalism and fairness of journalist in the process of their news production. This study focused on how the difference between mainstream media and online media, the political tendency and the degree of freedom during working effected on the judgement of the freedom of press based on the model of Shoemaker and Reese' hierarchical model. As a result, Research finding is as follows: First, online media journalist evaluated the fairness of press higher than offline media journalists. Second, the consistency of political tendency of offline media is different from online media. Online media journalists evaluated the fairness of the press higher than offline media journalists. Finally, the degree of freedom during performance is the most importance factor which affects the evaluation of press fairness. This study highlights the factors which influence the perception of journalists on the quality of the press based on the survey data which have conducted by Korean press foundation This study implicates how working environment is importance in journalist's writing as a journalist. The freedom of press is very important in the process of news production because the factors which influence the evaluation of the fairness and the professionalism of press reveals the quality of press.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.72-82
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• 2024

The presence of traditional media content on online platforms is one of the critical issues nowadays, and Article 17 of the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) seeks to regulate this. However, it can be seen that the current version of the text is not yet free of flaws: both its harmonisation with the Digital Services Regulation, its use of definitions and the media fast track mechanism it contains would require careful legislative scrutiny before the final text is adopted. The article examines if the self-declaration procedure envisaged by the EMFA would create a loophole for rogue media actors and bring confusion at both the European and horizontal levels or if it would fit the original goal of the EMFA, which is to improve the functioning of the internal European media market and to reinforce the independent media.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the possibility of producing poinsettia with various growing media containing used perlite and rockwool slabs as medium components. Pot plants of Euphorbia pulcherrima 'Freedom Red' were grown in 10 media containing used perlite and particles of rockwool slabs at various ratios including 1:1 and 1:3 (v/v). Medium containing used perlite and peatmoss at 1:3 (v/v) was employed as the control treatment. Height, root length, length of the longest branch, number of roots, leaf area, and width and length of the largest bract of plants grown in media containing used perlite were significantly greater than those in the control. Stem diameter and bract count were not affected by the medium composition. From the results, used perlite and rockwool slabs were proved to be a practically useful materials as medium components for pot production of poinsettia plants.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.159-168
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• 2012

Freedom of speech is indispensable in Democracy. It is a rink among government agencies. Mass media as institutionalized means which forms public opinion impacts quite a few to a society. Mass media as a life media in our daily lives has characteristics of speed and prompt report. It is difficult to measure the effect on a society. Mass media is a lifeline in democracy because it has freedom of opinion for seeing, listening, speaking, and criticizing about the people's right to know in an information society. Our Constitution also guarantees freedom of the press, information(peoples's right to know), report, the collection of news, and edition. Because an unnecessary thing about a privacy is reported by mass media, it can violate defamation. This study seeks to be unbiased in reporting and what the principles of the Constitution for minimizing an invasion of a person's privacy is. This study also seeks freedom of speech and the right to know. In case that a personal honor is invaded by a mass media and a publication, this study provides the Constitution basis, Criminal Law basis, and Civic Law basis for remedy violation. A report for apology on newspaper and by television was widely used as "a proper punishment for honor recovery in the past". The constitutional court had decided that including the report of apology for "a proper punishment of honor recovery" in the article 764 of the Civic Law as a reason of freedom of conscience and the violation of personal rights was against the Constitution. Therefore, this study examples what is a legal remedy in practical?, where is legal basis of special remedy in the Civic Law, and what is a method by the Press Arbitration Law compared with the examples of other countries. On the other hand, because a mass media may injure a person's honor and infringe a person's privacy, if the report is categorized as a malicious press, the true role which mass media has to do may not demonstrated. In conclusion, this study was to minimalize infringement of mass media to a person and to seek a realistic alternative of a legal remedy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.21-27
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• 2013

With the advent of digital media environment, distribution way of information changes, legalization of the right to be forgotten is becoming increasingly necessary. However, too much emphasis on protection of personal information to hinder the development of the Internet industry and constitutional rights, including freedom of speech and right to know might be infringed. Thus, the scope of the right to be forgotten there is a need to clarify the rules. First, the rights of personal information can be divided into two. Right to be forgotten can be applied to the right to self-determination of personal information, but the right to self-determination information about social personality cannot be applied to. Second, in the digital media environment, old news article over the internet repeatedly distribution as the new damage is generating. Because old news article is a historical record, the right to be forgotten can not be applied. Thus, appropriate for digital media environment must find new ways.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.68-89
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• 2019

When comparing media freedom in Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand, so-called "fake news" appears as threats to a deliberative (online) public sphere in these three diverse contexts. However, "racist propaganda", "information operations" and "negative campaigning" might be more accurate terms that explain these forms of systematic manipulative political communication. The three cases show forms of disinformation in under-researched contexts and thereby expand the often Western focused discourses on hate speech and fake news. Additionally, the analysis shows that harmful disinformation disseminated online originates from differing contextual trajectories and is not an "online phenomenon". Drawing on an analysis of connotative context factors, this explorative comparative study enables an understanding of different forms of harmful disinformation in Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. The connotative context factors were inductively inferred from 32 expert interviews providing explanations for the formation of political communication (control) mechanisms.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1035-1052
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• 2019

Recently, as the demand for immersive videos increases, efficient video processing techniques for omnidirectional immersive video is actively developed by MPEG-I. While the omnidirectional video provides a larger degree of freedom for a free viewpoint, the size of the video increases significantly. Furthermore, in order to compress 6 degree-of-freedom (6 DoF) videos that support motion parallax, it is required to develop a codec to yield better coding efficiency. In this paper, we develop a 6 DoF codec using Versatile Video Coding (VVC) as the next generation video coding standard. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first VVC-based 6 DoF video codec toward the future ISO/IEC 23090 Part 7 (Metadata for Immersive Media (Video)) MPEG-I standardization. The experiments were conducted on the seven test video sequences specified in Common Test Condition (CTC) in two operation modes of TMIV (Test Model for Immersive Media) software. It is demonstrated that the proposed codec improves coding performance around 33.8% BD-rate reduction in the MIV (Metadata for Immersive Video) mode and 30.2% BD-rate reduction in the MIV view mode as compared to the state-of-the-art TMIV reference software. We also show the performance comparisons using Immersive Video PSNR (IV-PSNR) and Mean Structural Similarity (MSSIM).