• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.415-420
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• 2013

This study was performed to examine the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine (MMK) combination in ten beagle dogs. Dogs were randomly allocated to two groups. Treatment group MMK-L received 0.015 mg/kg medetomidine followed by 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 5 mg/kg ketamine by intramuscular injection. Treatment group MMK-H received 0.02 mg/kg medetomidine followed by 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 5 mg/kg ketamine by intramuscular injection. Induction, anesthesia, sternal recumbency, standing, walking time, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and arterial blood gases were measured. Mean anesthesia time was significantly different between MMK-L group ($52.4{\pm}11.08$ minutes) and MMK-H group ($78.2{\pm}20.72$ minutes). Sedative scores and noxious stimuli were raised to the maximum value at 5 minutes after administration of the test dose and maintained until 40 minutes in both groups. In both groups, the heart rate significantly decreased after MMK administration. The blood pressures (MAP, SAP and DAP) increased after MMK administration but there were no significant differences in blood pressures between two groups. In conclusion, intramuscular administration of medetomidine followed by intramuscular injection of midazolam and ketamine in beagle dogs, leads immediate and sufficient anesthesia and proper doses of medetomidine for minimal adverse effects in intramuscular MMK combination will be 0.015 mg/kg in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate the anesthetic effects of medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK) combination and to compare antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine in dogs anesthetized with MMK. Eighteen adult male healthy beagles were used in this study. All dogs were anesthetized with intramuscular (IM) administration of medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) in one syringe. Intravenous (IV) administration of atipamezole (0.24 mg/kg, MMKA), yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg, MMKY) or saline solution (0.1 ml/kg, MMK) was administered 20 minutes after MMK combination anesthesia. Induction and recovery times, scores of sedation and analgesia, heart rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood gases were determined and recorded for each dog. Mean anesthesia times, sternal recumbency times, standing times and walking times in the MMKA and MMKY groups were significantly shorter than those in the MMK group. But there were not significantly different between MMKA and MMKY groups. In all groups, MMK administration produced a satisfactory sedation and analgesia for all dogs. However, after administration of atipamezole or yohimbine the scores for posture and response to noxious stimuli were significantly lower in the MMKA or MMKY group than those in the MMK group. MMK produced good sedation and anesthesia effects, and atipamezole or yohimbine can be used as a safe and effective agent for antagonizing the MMK anesthesia in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intravenous administration of glycopyrrolate on cardiovascular and respiratory system in dogs given intravenous medetomidine (20 ${\mu}g$/kg) and intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) (MM). Prior to administration of MM, glycopyrrolate was administered intravenously at doses of 5 ${\mu}g$/kg (Gly-5), 10 ${\mu}g$/kg (Gly-10) or 20 ${\mu}g$/kg (Gly-20), respectively. For the control group saline was administered intravenously. In the cardiovascular system, HR, BP, RAP, PAWP, CI, SI, SVR, and PVR were measured. RR, $V_T$, $P_{ETCO2}$, and arterial blood gas analysis were measured for respiratory system. Although rapid and satisfied depth of sedation was obtained by MM, life-threatening bradycardia, the outstanding side-effect on cardiovascular system in dogs were observed. This combination also decreased CO and increased SVR, RAP, and PAWP significantly. The bradycardia could be prevented in all the glycopyrrolate treated groups, but tachycardia was observed in Gly-10 and Gly-20 groups. Significant increases in blood pressure were shown in glycopyrrolate treated groups. Also, tachycardia depends on dose of glycopyrrolate, compensating the CO. However, these were not fully reserved. In conclusion, MM combination could induce rapid and satisfied depth of sedation but was not the suitable method for the deep sedation of dogs with cardiovascular or circulatory problems.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.616-627
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate anesthetic and cardiovascular effects of xylazine/fentanyl/azaperone and medetomidine/midazolam as preanesthetics and their combinations with antagonists in halothane-anesthetized dogs. Eight clinically healthy dogs($4.54{\pm}2.16kg$) were used at the interval of more than 14 days between experiments in turn for propionyl promazine(PP 0.3mg/kg, IM), xylazine/fentanyl/azaperone(XFA 2mg/kg, 0.0137mg/kg, 0.11mg/kg, IM), medetomidine/midazolam(MM 0.02mg/kg, 0.3mg/kg, IM), combination of XFA and their antagonists (yohimbine 0.05mg/kg, naloxon 0.0005mg/kg, IV) and combination of MM and their antagonist(atipamezole 0.08mg/kg IM). The sedation induction times in XFA($2.56{\pm}1.01min$) and MM($5.44{\pm}2.07min$) groups were significantly better than that of PP group($10.75{\pm}2.38min$)(p < 0.05). The thiopental sodium dose required for tracheal intubation in XFA($2.38{\pm}3.38mg/kg$) and MM($3.91{\pm}3.47mg/kg$) groups were significantly less than that of PP group($12.57{\pm}2.13mg/kg$)(p < 0.05). All time indices expressing the recovery(pedal reflex recurrence time, extubation time, arousal time, standing time and walking time) were significantly shorter in the combination groups of XFA or MM with their antagonists than in PP, XFA and MM groups(p < 0.05). The suppressions of cardiovascular function of XFA and MM were more than that of PP. Heart rate and cardiac output were recovered by the antagonists of XFA and MM, but mean arterial pressure were not recovered by the antagonists. PP induced apnea in 4 out of 8 dogs, but XFA in none and MM in one. The present study suggested that for rapid sedation, prevention of apnea after intubation and rapid recovery after halothane cessation, combinations of xylazine/fentanyl/azaperone or medetomidine/midazolam with their antagonists are recommendable as preanesthetic method in gas anesthetised dogs with normal cardiovascular function.