• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권11호
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• pp.280-288
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• 2009

본 연구는 3차원 볼륨렌더링 영상의 체적변화를 위한 정밀한 모형을 고안, 제작하고 방사선치료계획 시스템의 재구성 과정에서 모형의 길이, 면적, 부피에 대한 변화를 평가하고자 하였다. 모형을 이용한 표준화된 전산화치료조준계획을 절편두께 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10mm로 시행한 후 3차원 재구성 영상을 절편두께와 모형의 형태에 따라 스캔방향(X), 두께(Y), 테이블 이동거리(Z), 면적(A), 부피(V)에 대한 변화와 분석자간 측정편차 및 최소값과 최대값을 측정하였다. 모형의 횡단면을 재구성한 3차원 볼륨렌더링 영상에서 절편두께가 1.25mm와 2.5mm에서 모형의 형태에 따라 X, Y, Z축 방향으로 최대 0.13cm(p<0.05)의 감소를 보였고 길이, 면적, 부피에 대하여 0.1cm, $0.8cm^2$, $3.99cm^3$(p<0.05) 정도의 감소를 보여 모형과 매우 근접한 영상을 획득하였다. 그러나 절편두께 5mm, 10mm에서 절편두께와 스캔 단면적이 증가하고 원형의 모형일수록 X, Y, Z축 방향으로 최대 0.58cm(p<0.05)의 감소를 보였고 길이, 면적, 부피에 대하여 최대 0.45cm, $8.21cm^2$, $11.03cm^3$(p<0.05)의 감소를 보였다. 모형을 이용한 방사선치료계획의 3차원 볼륨렌더링 영상의 절편두께와 모형의 형태에 따라 체적의 변화가 다양하게 발생하였으며 전산화치료조준계획을 시행할 경우 절편두께가 3mm 이하일 때 임상적으로 적절한 3차원 볼륨렌더링 영상을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 1985

The intrauterine irradiation is essential to achieve adequate tumor dose to centeral tumor mass in radio therapy for uterine malignancy. The complications of pelvic organ are known to be directly related to radiation dose and physical parameters. The comparison study of currently using 2 systems was undertaken. The simulation films and medical records of 135 patients who was treated with intrauterine irradiation at one of general hospitals in Busan and Seoul between Jan. 1983 and June 1983, were critically analized and physical parameters of low dose rate system and remote controlled high dose rate system were measured. The physical parameters include distances between lateral walls of vaginal fornices, longitudinal and lateral angles of tandem to the body axis, the distance from the external os of uterine cervix to the central axis of ovoids, the radiation dose ratio to rectum and bladder to reference point A. Followings were summary of study results: 1. In distances between lateral walls of vaginal fornices the low dose rate system showed wide distribution and relatively larger distances. In low dose rate system 5.0-5.9 cm was $55.89\%$ 6.0-6.9 cm: $23.53\%$, 4.0-4.9cm: $10.29\%$, 3.0-3.9cm: $10.29\%$, and in high dose rate system 5.0-5.9cm was $80.59\%$, 4.0-4.9cm: $17.91\%$, $6.0\~6.9\;cm:\;1.5\%$. 2. In lateral angulation of tandem to body axis, the low does system revealed mid position (the position along body axis) $64.7\%$, Lt. deviation $19.13\%$ and Rt. deviation $16.17\%$. However the high dose rate system revealed mid position $49.26\%$ Lt. deviation $40.29\%$ and Rt. deviation $10.45\%$. 3. In longitudinal angulation of tandem to body axis the mid position was $11.77\%$ and anterior angulation $88.23\%$ in low dose rate system but in high dose rate system the mid position was $1.56\%$ and anterior angulation $98.44\%$. 4. Down ward displacement of ovoids below external os was only $2.94\%$ in low dose rate system and $67.69\%$ in high dose rate system. 5. The radiation dose ration to rectum to reference point A was $102.70\%$ in high dose rate system and $70.09\%$ in low dose rate system. The dose ratio to bladder to reference point A was $78.14\%$ in high dose rate system and $75.32\%$ in low dose rate system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.316-323
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate three-dimensional positional change of the condyle using 3D CT after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) in skeletal class III patients. Patients and methods: Nine patients who underwent BSSRO for mandibular set-back in skeletal class III malocclusion without facial asymmetry were examined. Miniplates were used for the fixation after BSSRO. 3-D CT was taken before, immediately after, and 6 months after undergoing BSSRO. After creating 3D-CT images using V-works $4.0^{TM}$ program, axial plane, coronal plane, & sagittal plane were configured. Three dimensional positional change, from each plane to the condyle, of the nine patients was measured before, immediately after, and 6 months after undergoing BSSRO. Results: 1. The mean value of mandibular set-back for nine mandibular prognathism patients was 7.36 mm (${\pm}\;2.42\;mm$). 2. In the axial view, condyle is rotated inward immediately after BSSRO (p < 0.05), comparing with preoperative but outward 6 months after BSSRO comparing with postoperative (p < 0.05). 3. In the axial view, condyle is moved laterally immediately after BSSRO (p < 0.05), comparing with preoperative but regressed 6 months after BSSRO comparing with preoperative (p > 0.05). 4. In the frontal & coronal view, there is changed immediately after and 6 months after BSSRO, comparing with preoperative but no statistical difference. Conclusion: These results indicate that three-dimensional positional change of the condyle in skeletal class III patients is observed lateral displacement & inward rotation immediate after BSSRO, but the condyle in 6 months after BSSRO tends to regress to preoperative position.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.3795-3799
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• 2013

The second-order rate constants ($k_N$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of Y-substituted-phenyl 2-methylbenzoates (6a-e) with a series of cyclic secondary amines in MeCN at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. Comparison of the $k_N$ values for the reactions of 4-nitrophenyl 2-methylbenzoate (6d) with those reported previously for the corresponding reactions of 4-nitrophenyl 2-methoxybenzoate (5) reveals that 6d is significantly less reactive than 5, indicating that modification of 2-MeO in the benzoyl moiety of 5 by 2-Me (i.e., $5{\rightarrow}6d$) causes a significant decrease in reactivity. This supports our previous report that aminolysis of 5 proceeds through a six-membered cyclic intermediate, which is highly stabilized through intramolecular H-bonding interactions. The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 6d with a series of cyclic secondary amines is linear with ${\beta}_{nuc}=0.71$, which appears to be a lower limit of ${\beta}_{nuc}$ for a stepwise mechanism with breakdown of an intermediate ($T^{\pm}$) being rate-determining step (RDS). The Br${\o}$nsted-type plot for the reactions of 6a-e with piperidine is curved, i.e., the slope of Br${\o}$nsted-type plot (${\beta}_{lg}$) decreases from -1.05 to -0.41 as the leaving-group basicity decreases. The nonlinear Br${\o}$nsted-type plot has been taken as evidence for a stepwise mechanism with a change in RDS (e.g., from the $k_2$ step to the $k_1$ process as the leaving-group basicity decreases). Dissection of $k_N$ into the microscopic rate constants associated with the reactions of 6a-e with piperidine (e.g., $k_1$ and $k_2/k_{-1}$ ratio) also supports the proposed mechanism.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 건물의 횡방향 구조반응을 평가하기 위한 변형률 기반의 모니터링 기법이 제시되고, 이에 대한 기초 연구로써, 구조해석을 통해 제안된 기법을 검증한다. 광섬유 격자 센서(fiber Bragg grating, FBG)는 일반 변형률 센서와 비교하여 내구성이 뛰어날 뿐 아니라 높은 샘플링 수와 여러 지점을 동시에 계측할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이러한 특성 때문에 FBG 센서는 구조 모니터링을 위해 많은 센서가 요구되는 건물의 모니터링에 적합하다. 본 연구에서 FBG 센서는 수직 부재의 변형률을 계측하며, 이는 해당 부재의 곡률을 평가한다. 이러한 곡률은 횡변위와 횡가속도를 평가하는데 사용된다. 추가적으로 횡방향 가속도는 frequency domain decomposition(FDD) 기법을 이용하여 구조물의 고유진동수와 모드형상을 추정하는데 사용된다. 9층 철골모멘트 골조 예제의 적용을 통해, 제시된 기법이 건물의 다양한 횡방향 구조 반응과 동적 특성을 평가하는데 적절함을 확인하였다.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

New generation of tall and complex buildings systems are now introduced that are reflective of the latest development in materials, design, sustainability, construction, and IT technologies. While the complexity in design is being overcome by the availability and advances in structural analysis tools and readily advanced software, the design of these buildings are still reliant on minimum code requirements that yet to be validated in full scale. The involvement of the author in the design and construction planning of Burj Khalifa since its inception until its completion prompted the author to conceptually develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health monitoring program to validate all the fundamental assumptions mad for the design and construction planning of the tower. The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever built by man; the tower is 828 meters tall and comprises of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. Early integration of aerodynamic shaping and wind engineering played a major role in the architectural massing and design of this multi-use tower, where mitigating and taming the dynamic wind effects was one of the most important design criteria established at the onset of the project design. Understanding the structural and foundation system behaviors of the tower are the key fundamental drivers for the development and execution of a state-of-the-art survey and structural health monitoring (SHM) programs. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to discuss the execution of the survey and real-time structural health monitoring programs to confirm the structural behavioral response of the tower during construction stage and during its service life; the monitoring programs included 1) monitoring the tower's foundation system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the strains of the tower vertical elements, 4) measuring the wall and column vertical shortening due to elastic, shrinkage and creep effects, 5) measuring the lateral displacement of the tower under its own gravity loads (including asymmetrical effects) resulting from immediate elastic and long term creep effects, 6) measuring the building lateral movements and dynamic characteristic in real time during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements, accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior in real time under building permanent conditions, 8) and monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior and fatigue characteristics. This extensive SHM program has resulted in extensive insight into the structural response of the tower, allowed control the construction process, allowed for the evaluation of the structural response in effective and immediate manner and it allowed for immediate correlation between the measured and the predicted behavior. The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa will with no doubt pioneer the use of new survey techniques and the execution of new SHM program concepts as part of the fundamental design of building structures. Moreover, this survey and SHM programs will be benchmarked as a model for the development of future generation of SHM programs for all critical and essential facilities, however, but with much improved devices and technologies, which are now being considered by the author for another tall and complex building development, that is presently under construction.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2008

강도이방성 암석의 파괴규준에 관한 연구를 위해 대구지역에 널리 분포되어 있는 beddding-plane을 지닌 즉, 고유 이방성 암석인 셰일(shale)을 대상으로 삼축압축시험을 수행하였다. 시험과정에 있어 구속압력은 5, 10, 20, 30, 40MPa으로 단계적으로 증가시켜 시험을 수행하였으며, 시료의 파괴를 위한 전단속도는 대상시료가 5~15분안에 파괴가 일어나도록, 0.1%/min을 적용하였다. beddding-plane을 포함한 고유 이방성 암석에 대한 시험결과는 최대주응력축과 beddding-plane사이의 각도에 따라 전형적인 shoulder-type으로 나타났으며, 구속압력이 증가할수록 이방성 효과가 줄어드는 경향을 나타내었다. 불연속면의 각도에 따른 암석의 강도 변화는 무결암 상태와 유사한 조건인 ${\beta}=0^{\circ}$와 $90^{\circ}$에서 최대의 압축강도를 보였고, 최소의 강도를 갖는 ${\beta}$ 값은 대략 $30^{\circ}$ 정도로 나타났다. 또한 Hoek & Brown 파괴규준은 암석의 강도이방성을 나타내는데 모든 ${\beta}$ 값의 범위에서 실측치와 잘 부합되는 결과를 주었으나 Jaeger의 파괴규준은 ${\beta}=15^{\circ}{\sim}45^{\circ}$ 범위에서만 실측치에 접근하는 경향을 보였다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.10-20
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• 2007

For spacecraft attitude control, reaction wheel (RW) steering laws with more than three wheels for three-axis attitude control can be derived by using a control allocation (CA) approach.1-2 The CA technique deals with a problem of distributing a given control demand to available sets of actuators.3-4 There are many references for CA with applications to aerospace systems. For spacecraft, the control torque command for three body-fixed reference frames can be constructed by a combination of multiple wheels, usually four-wheel pyramid sets. Multi-wheel configurations can be exploited to satisfy a body-axis control torque requirement while satisfying objectives such as minimum control energy.1-2 In general, the reaction wheel steering laws determine required torque command for each wheel in the form of matrix pseudo-inverse. In general, the attitude control command is generated in the form of a feedback control. The spacecraft body angular rate measured by gyros is used to estimate angular displacement also.⁵ Combination of the body angular rate and attitude parameters such as quaternion and MRPs(Modified Rodrigues Parameters) is typically used in synthesizing the control command which should be produced by RWs.¹ The attitude sensor signals are usually corrupted by noise; gyros tend to contain errors such as drift and random noise. The attitude determination system can estimate such errors, and provide best true signals for feedback control.⁶ Even if the attitude determination system, for instance, sophisticated algorithm such as the EKF(Extended Kalman Filter) algorithm⁶, can eliminate the errors efficiently, it is quite probable that the control command still contains noise sources. The noise and/or other high frequency components in the control command would cause the wheel speed to change in an undesirable manner. The closed-loop system, governed by the feedback control law, is also directly affected by the noise due to imperfect sensor characteristics. The noise components in the sensor signal should be mitigated so that the control command is isolated from the noise effect. This can be done by adding a filter to the sensor output or preventing rapid change in the control command. Dynamic control allocation(DCA), recently studied by Härkegård, is to distribute the control command in the sense of dynamics⁴: the allocation is made over a certain time interval, not a fixed time instant. The dynamic behavior of the control command is taken into account in the course of distributing the control command. Not only the control command requirement, but also variation of the control command over a sampling interval is included in the performance criterion to be optimized. The result is a control command in the form of a finite difference equation over the given time interval.⁴ It results in a filter dynamics by taking the previous control command into account for the synthesis of current control command. Stability of the proposed dynamic control allocation (CA) approach was proved to ensure the control command is bounded at the steady-state. In this study, we extended the results presented in Ref. 4 by adding a two-step dynamic CA term in deriving the control allocation law. Also, the strict equality constraint, between the virtual and actual control inputs, is relaxed in order to construct control command with a smooth profile. The proposed DCA technique is applied to a spacecraft attitude control problem. The sensor noise and/or irregular signals, which are existent in most of spacecraft attitude sensors, can be handled effectively by the proposed approach.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2007

목적: 후방 십자 인대의 골편을 포함하지 않은 대퇴 부착 부 견열 손상에 대한 관절경적 일차 봉합술의 추시 결과를 보고한다. 대상 및 방법: 1993년 1월부터 2002년 12월까지 본원에서 관절경적 후방 십자 인대 봉합술을 시행한 13례 중 2년 이상 추시가 가능했던 10례를 대상으로 하였으며 평균 추시 기간은 $38.7{\pm}11$개월이었다. 평균 나이는 $28.2{\pm}6$세로 남자 8례, 여자 2례였다. 모든 예에서 최종 추시 시 Lysholm and Gillquist 점수 및 International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC) criteria를 이용하여 평가 하였으며, 후방 전위 검사로 후방 불안정성을 평가하였으며, 후방 부하 측면 방사선 사진으로 경골의 후방 전위를 측정하였다. 결과: Lysholm and Gillquist 점수는 평균 $94.5{\pm}2.6$, International Knee Documentation Committee criteria에 따른 결과는 4례에서 A(normal), 6례에서 B(nearly normal)이었다. 후방 전위 검사 상 5례에서 grade I의 후방 불안정성을 보였으며, 5례에서 grade II의 후방 불안정성을 보였다. 후방 부하 측면 방사선 사진에서 경골의 후방 전위는 평균 $3{\pm}2.3mm$ 이었다. 결론: 후방 십자 인대의 골편을 포함하지 않은 대퇴 부착 부 견열 손상에 대한 관절경적 일차 봉합술은 후방 불안정성을 줄이고 기능적 회복을 향상시키기 위해 유용한 방법으로 사료된다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.279-290
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• 2008

자연재해로 인한 수많은 피해 중 특히 산사태 등 사면붕괴로 인한 피해는 인간에게 많은 인적/물적 자원의 손실을 가져왔다. 이런 사면붕괴로 인한 피해를 줄이고자 사면붕괴 예방을 위해 다양한 계측장비를 이용하여 사면붕괴 예 경보 시스템을 구축하였다. 하지만 대상사면에 접근성 문제를 해결하고 위험 사면 전체에 대한 안전성 평가를 실시할 수 있는 효율적인 계측장비는 많지 않은 실정이다. 이에 사면붕괴예방을 위한 효율적인 계측장비로서 측량학적인 접근 방법으로 사면거동의 정확한 계측을 위해 지상라이다시스템을 이용하여 사면붕괴 예방을 위한 시스템의 활용가능성 판단을 위한 실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서는 인공으로 조성되어 사면안정화 공법이 적용된 토사사면에 사면상부에서 단계별로 실물 하중을 가하여 하중에 따른 사면의 거동을 Total Station과 지상라이다시스템을 이용하여 계측하였다. 두 시스템을 이용하여 계측한 성과의 정확한 비교 분석을 위해 두 시스템의 계측 결과를 동일한 좌표계로 일치시키는 3D Similarity Transformation을 통해 서로 다른 좌표계를 가지고 있는 두 좌표계를 하나의 좌표계로 통일시켜 사면이 실물하중에 어떤 거동이 일어나는지를 분석하였다. 타켓중심의 사면거동 분석결과, 지상라이다 시스템은 Total Station과 비교해 X축으로는 1cm이내의 차이가, Y축으로는 규칙적이지 않는 거동의 경향이 발생하고, Z축으로는 서로 유사한 경향을 보였다. 연속된 점에 대한 사면지동 분석결과, Y축의 위치에 따라 사면 하부에서 상부의 방향으로 사면거동의 경향이 다르게 나타나 Total Station에서 분석하기 어려웠던 사면의 연속적인 변화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 지상라이다 시스템은 Total Station에 버금가는 측량성과를 획득하여 효율적인 사면모니터링을 위한 계측장비로 판단되었으며 기존의 사면모니터링기법의 한계를 대체 할 수 있는 측량학적 분석방법으로 많은 활용이 기대된다.