• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.55-63
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was verification of the restoration ability effect of Danggwisusan extract(DG) in wound induced Rat. Methods : It needed to make a scar(around $2{\times}2cm^2$) on the top of the fascia in the back of the rats and then the rats were divided into 4groups(n=6). Control was not treated at all, where as DG was orally medicated DG, Terra was percutaneously applied Terramycin, and DG + Terra was both orally medicated DG and percutaneously applied Terramycin per day for three weeks. Results : 93% or higher cell viability was observed in all tested groups from 1, 10, $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in RAW 264.7cells. The DG decreased NO and cytokine production activity dose dependently. The production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were decreased by 46%, 46% and 40% in DG treated $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The size of wound was significantly decreasing in DG, Terra, DG + Terra. WBC was significantly reduced in DG and DG + Terra. Monocyte was significantly reduced in DG, Terra and DG + Terra. Neutrophil was also reduced in DG, DG + Terra but not meaningless. The mRNA expression of MMP-1 was significantly reduced in Terra, MMP-2 was significantly reduced in DG, Terra, DG + Terra, and MMP-9 was significantly reduced in DG + Terra. Conclusions : According to the results, we thought that DG showed anti-inflammatory activities on the RAW 264.7cells in mouse macrophage and in adult rat wound. Moreover, the progress of recovery was found visually, heamatologically, genetically and histopathologically. In conclusion, it could be thought that DG has effect on the treating of wound.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2023

Background: With the enactment of the Hospice, Palliative, Care, and Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-Making Act in February 2018, legal guidelines for physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST) were presented. This study was conducted to analyze the association of writing POLST on the use of health care before death. Methods: The study analyzed the electronic medical records and POLSTs of 1,003 adult patients who died at a tertiary hospital located in Seoul from February 4, 2018 to February 4, 2019. Results: Of the deaths, 80% (n=804) completed POLST. Among patients who completed POLST before death, 51% (n=412) were written 1-7 days before death, and only 31% (n=246) were completed by patients themselves. 99% (n=799) decided to withdraw or withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation. As a result of analyzing the effect of POLST on medical use before death, it was found that POLST and inpatient cost had a significant negative correlation, and POLST completion significantly reduced death in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, both inpatient costs and death at ICU increased when the POLST was completed by surrogate decision-makers rather than patients themselves. Conclusion: The enactment of the Hospice, Palliative, Care, and Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-Making Act provided a legal basis for withdrawing and withholding meaningless life-sustaining treatment. By specifying the treatment to be received at the end of one's life through the POLST, inpatient treatment costs and death at the ICU were decreased. However, the frequent decision-making by the surrogates and completion of POLST close to death may hinder the original purpose of the law.

• Atmosphere
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

Corona Virus Disease 19 pandemic (COVID-19) causes many deaths worldwide, and has enormous impacts on society and economy. The COVID-19 was caused by a new type of coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Cornonavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2), which has been found that these viruses can be effectively inactivated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation of 290~315 nm. In this study, 90% inactivation time of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was analyzed using ground observation data from Brewer spectrophotometer at Yonsei University, Seoul and simulation data from UVSPEC for the period of 2015~2017 and 2020. Based on 12:00-13:00 noon time, the shortest virus inactivation time were estimated as 13.5 minutes in June and 4.8 minutes in July/August, respectively, under all sky and clear sky conditions. In the diurnal and seasonal variations, SARS-CoV-2 could be inactivated by 90% when exposed to UV radiation within 60 minutes from 10:00 to 14:00, for the period of spring to autumn. However, in winter season, the natural prevention effect was meaningless because the intensity of UV radiation weakened, and the time required for virus inactivation increased. The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 is related to various and complex interactions of several variables, but the natural inactivation of viruses by UV radiation presented in this study, especially seasonal differences, need to be considered as major variables.

• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature for application of intranasal sodium citrate in the patients with olfactory dysfunction to help determine the sodium citrate treatments for this condition. Two authors independently searched the data base (Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane database) for relevant studies from inception to January 2018. Included studies were randomized controlled studies published in English comparing topical sodium citrate application (treatment group) with saline (control group) in patients who had olfactory dysfunction. Outcomes of interest included the change of olfactory identification and threshold during 2 hours post-treatment. Three studies were enrolled in the meta-analysis. Compared with control group, treatment group did not increase posttreatment score of olfactory identification [standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.03; 95% confidence interval (CI)=-0.29-0.24; I²=0%] and olfactory threshold (SMD=0.18; 95% CI=-0.09-0.45; I²=0%) significantly. In the degree of pre-post improvement of two outcomes, although treatment group statistically showed the significant improvement in olfactory threshold (SMD=0.30; 95% CI=0.05-0.55; I²=17%), the clinical significance of this outcome was meaningless. Similarly, there was no significant difference in olfactory identification between two groups (SMD=0.17; 95% CI=-0.11-0.45; I²=22%). Unlike the recent favorable results, our summated results presented the uselessness for the local application of sodium citrate in improving patient's olfactory function. However, we also had some limitation such as small sample size and inconsistent application methods. Therefore, larger trials and standardized methodology are needed to reach more stronger and exact results.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.36-38
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• 2016

Biliary tract cancer, a relatively rare disease, is usually found in an unresectable stage. Weekly cisplatin plus gemcitabine has been applied as a standard first-line therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer, but almost up to 3-5% patients experience drug induced renal impairment. Many anticancer medication guidelines recommend drug adjustment when kidneys are damaged, but weekly cisplatin is somewhat low dose so that there is a controversy on reducing the dose. And it is known that the cumulative dose of cisplatin is the most important factor contributing to renal impairment. Therefore, clinicians face troubles whether or not to maintain the chemotherapy. Here, we reported a patient whose renal function (eGFR) had been decreased as the number of chemotherapy increased, so her chemotherapy should be stopped. Since we held the chemotherapy on her, the disease progressed aggressively. Weekly cisplatin regimen is just 25 mg/m², so it may be meaningless to reduce this dose, and it is well known that cumulative dose of cisplatin is the most important factor contributing to renal impairment, it is better not to use cisplatin anymore. Therefore, we recommend that if the patient responds well to weekly cisplatin plus gemcitabine regimen, it would be beneficial to use gemcitabine alone.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.322-322
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• 2022

Hay and haylage as forage are increasing in preference for cattle feed. Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is growing up as a forage crop due to its high production and feed value in South Korea. It is difficult to determine the harvesting stage of triticale for producing hay or haylage with the highest forage value and quality because feed and nutritional value by growth stages of triticale were not known in South Korea yet. In this study, we analyzed forage values, pH, and contents of organic acid, to confirm feed value and quality by growth stages of triticale. The triticale 'Joseong' was sown in the spring of 2022. The sample was prepared in 5 stages: seedling stage, booting stage, heading stage, 10 days after heading, and 20 days after heading. The triticale was dried under 10% and to about 50% moisture for hay and haylage respectively, and then both triticales were fermented anaerobically at room temperature for 40 days. The pH value in all hay and haylage became lower as the triticale was grown up, although the pH value of all triticale hays and haylages ranged between 7.05-5.68. The content of lactic acid in all triticale hays was almost meaningless. The contents in the haylage of the seedling stage were the highest (2.39%) among the haylages, even though those of 20 days after the heading stage (1.67%) were the lowest, which showed a similar tendency with pH value. Conclusionally, the results implied that the feed value and quality of triticale haylage were affected by harvesting time but not hay.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.391-395
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• 2023

There are countless possibilities lying ahead of us, and while predicting the future may be challenging, it does not render the act of forecasting meaningless. Predicting various possibilities allows us to be flexible in coping with unforeseen circumstances. This study was conducted to explore extreme events (X-events) in the population sector in South Korea. To achieve this, focus group interviews were conducted with 32 emergency planning officers in government and public services. Based on these interviews, significant research findings were derived, indicating that population issues such as population decline and aging could have substantial impacts on various fields, including the economy and national defense. With this study as a catalyst, we anticipate a more active discussion and discourse on X-events that could occur in our society.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Data mining techniques are used to find important and meaningful information from huge databases, and pattern mining is one of the significant data mining techniques. Pattern mining is a method of discovering useful patterns from the huge databases. Frequent pattern mining which is one of the pattern mining extracts patterns having higher frequencies than a minimum support threshold from databases, and the patterns are called frequent patterns. Traditional frequent pattern mining is based on a single minimum support threshold for the whole database to perform mining frequent patterns. This single support model implicitly supposes that all of the items in the database have the same nature. In real world applications, however, each item in databases can have relative characteristics, and thus an appropriate pattern mining technique which reflects the characteristics is required. In the framework of frequent pattern mining, where the natures of items are not considered, it needs to set the single minimum support threshold to a too low value for mining patterns containing rare items. It leads to too many patterns including meaningless items though. In contrast, we cannot mine any pattern if a too high threshold is used. This dilemma is called the rare item problem. To solve this problem, the initial researches proposed approximate approaches which split data into several groups according to item frequencies or group related rare items. However, these methods cannot find all of the frequent patterns including rare frequent patterns due to being based on approximate techniques. Hence, pattern mining model with multiple minimum supports is proposed in order to solve the rare item problem. In the model, each item has a corresponding minimum support threshold, called MIS (Minimum Item Support), and it is calculated based on item frequencies in databases. The multiple minimum supports model finds all of the rare frequent patterns without generating meaningless patterns and losing significant patterns by applying the MIS. Meanwhile, candidate patterns are extracted during a process of mining frequent patterns, and the only single minimum support is compared with frequencies of the candidate patterns in the single minimum support model. Therefore, the characteristics of items consist of the candidate patterns are not reflected. In addition, the rare item problem occurs in the model. In order to address this issue in the multiple minimum supports model, the minimum MIS value among all of the values of items in a candidate pattern is used as a minimum support threshold with respect to the candidate pattern for considering its characteristics. For efficiently mining frequent patterns including rare frequent patterns by adopting the above concept, tree based algorithms of the multiple minimum supports model sort items in a tree according to MIS descending order in contrast to those of the single minimum support model, where the items are ordered in frequency descending order. In this paper, we study the characteristics of the frequent pattern mining based on multiple minimum supports and conduct performance evaluation with a general frequent pattern mining algorithm in terms of runtime, memory usage, and scalability. Experimental results show that the multiple minimum supports based algorithm outperforms the single minimum support based one and demands more memory usage for MIS information. Moreover, the compared algorithms have a good scalability in the results.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.492-504
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• 2004

Recently, as growing of interest for LBS(location-based services) techniques, lots of works on moving objects that continuously change their information over time, have been performed briskly. Also, researches for NN(nearest neighbor) query which has often been used in LBS, are progressed variously However, the results of conventional NN Query processing techniques may be invalidated as the query and data objects move. Therefore, they are usually meaningless in moving object management system such as LBS. To solve these problems, in this paper we propose a new nearest neighbor query processing technique, called CTNN, which is possible to meet accurate and continuous query processing for moving objects. Our techniques include an Approximate CTNN(ACTNN) technique, which has quick response time, and an Exact CTNN(ECTNN) technique, which makes it possible to search nearest neighbor objects accurately. In order to evaluate the proposed techniques, we experimented with various datasets. Experimental results showed that the ECTNN technique has high accuracy, but has a little low performance for response time. Also the ACTNN technique has low accuracy comparing with the ECTNN, but has quick response time The proposed techniques can be applied to navigation system, traffic control system, distribution information system, etc., and specially are most suitable when both data and query are moving objects and when we already know their trajectory.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.91-97
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• 2008

What if the memory is not erased but continues to exist in the head as it was before? The typical answer to this question would be summarized as the "love for memory". It is almost unbearable that the memory is erased, forgotten or replaced with others. Even though three episodes may be understood as separate things, they have a different image when they are seen under one subject . he three episodes impresses the people with their unique fantastic images and artistic air. In the episode of , we can see a woman who is so much concerned with her past memory so that she does not love the present. In this episode, we can realize how much destructive the bad past memory gives effect on a woman and how memory can give bad effect on a person if that does not connect the past and the present. The work criticizes the society whichdoes not understand the current problems by depicting a person who is so preoccupied with the thing near that person only. shows that the dream is meaningless if people have the future dream without understanding what they really want. Theaudience is absorbed to each hero or heroin who is so obsessed with the past, present and future. What we can feel from these three works is the doubt about the human society which is so much preoccupied with the pessimism and the individuals who do not recognize the importance of the present because they are so much obsessed with their superficial past, present and future as well as the society where they live.