• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.229-240
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• 2023

Instruments are installed in soft ground improvement projects to manage economic and safe construction. When analyzing data, the amount of settlement data over time can be used to understand the overall ground settlement behavior, but it is difficult to analyze the interrelatedness between measurement points. Therefore, to analyze the relative compressive settlement behavior between measurement points, the settlement amount and velocity were processed and defined as the mean settlement difference index (AS_i,j) and the slope difference index (SDI_i,j). Plotted in the mean settlement difference index - slope difference index (AS_i,j-SDI_i,j) coordinate system. As a result of the analysis of the relative compaction subsidence behavior between the measuring points, the relationship between the measuring points in the average subsidence difference index - slope difference index coordinate system moved to area 1 as the compaction was completed. By continuously plotting the movement path of the observation point in the corresponding coordinate system, the relative settlement behavior between the measurement points was analyzed, and it was possible to check whether the settlement behavior of the two measurement points was stable or unstable depending on the direction of the path.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.85-107
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• 2006

This paper investigates whether the futures market responds to the news more sensitively and uses more diverse information than the spot market. The sensitivity to the news is measured by the coefficients of the model which regresses the daily changes in the futures prices to the daily changes in the theoretical prices computed from spot prices using the spot-futures parity. The diversity of news is measured by the mean range differences ($\overline{RD}$), mean hi-price differences($\overline{HD}$) and mean low-price differences. The data in this paper is the closing prices of the nearest-to-maturity and the second-nearest-to-maturity contracts of the KOSPI 200 index futures. As the estimates of the relative sensitivity of the futures prices($^{\beta}$) for the whole-period sample are not significantly different from 1, the sensitivity of two markets to the news are not different. However, $\hat{\beta}$ of the most recent period(Nov. 2002 to Dec. 2005) are strongly different from 1. And, in the most recent period, the futures price changes for the good news, which is defined as the price increase of KOSPI of more than 1.5% in a day, show additional sensitivity. Since the mean range different which measures the relative diversity of information used, are not significantly different from 0 for the whole-period and subperiod samples, and this can be interpreted that the futures market does not use more diverse information than the spot market. However, the mean high-price difference, which measures the relative diversity of good news, are significantly different from 0 for the nearest-maturity contracts in the whole-period and subperiod samples. This evidence supports that the futures prices reflects more diverse good news which brings price increase in the market.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.399-400
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• 2017

홍수나 가뭄 등 극치 현상의 통계분석 및 빈도해석에 있어 극치분포형이 널리 사용되고 있으며, 이러한 극치분포형의 특성을 이해하기 위해서는 분포형의 오른쪽 꼬리(right tail) 부분 특성을 자세히 분석할 필요가 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 Monte Carlo 모의를 통하여 다양한 극치분포형의 오른쪽 꼬리 부분의 통계적 특성 및 그 예측 능력을 연구하였다. 극치분포형으로는 우리나라 확률수문량 산정에 널리 활용되고 있는 generalized extreme value (GEV), Gumbel, generalized logistic 분포를 사용하였으며, 매개변수 산정 방법으로는 확률가중모멘트법을 사용하였다. 모의실험의 모분포로는 수문빈도해석에서 많이 사용되는 GEV 분포를 사용하였고, 30년 이상 자료를 보유한 기상청 지점 자료의 왜곡도를 조사하여 모의실험에 사용되는 모집단의 왜곡도로 가정하여 표본 자료를 발생시켰다. 예측 능력의 평가는 재현기간 10~1000년의 확률수문량을 왜곡도계수를 고려한 GEV 도시위치공식을 이용하여 GEV 확률지에 도시하고, 평균제곱근오차(root mean square error), 편의(bias), 평균상대오차(mean relative difference), 평균절대상대오차(mean absolute relative difference)를 이용하여 최적 분포형을 선정함으로써 이루어진다. 또한 예측 능력 평가결과의 타당성 확인을 위해 극치분포형의 적합정도를 잘 나타낸다고 알려진 modified Anderson-Darling 방법의 검정결과와 비교하여 적절성을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.158-158
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 극치 분포의 오른쪽 꼬리 부분 예측 시 안정적인 확률수문량 산정하는 확률분포형과 매개변수 추정 방법을 평가하기 위해 Monte Carlo 모의를 수행하였다. 수문자료의 빈도해석에 적합한 것으로 알려진 generalized extreme value (GEV), Gumbel (GUM), generalized logistic (GLO), gamma3 (GAM3), normal (NOR), log-normal3 (LN3) 총 6개의 확률분포형을 바탕으로 오른쪽 꼬리 부분의 확률수문량 추정 성능을 모의 실험을 통해 평가하고자 한다. 30년 이상 자료를 보유한 기상청 지점의 지속기간별 연최대값 자료를 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 모분포를 GEV분포로 선정하였으며 평균이 1.0, 표준편차 0.5, 왜곡도 계수는 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0이 되도록 가정하였다. 또한 자료 길이에 따른 성능 평가를 위해 표본 크기 20, 50, 100, 150, 200개에 대해 분석을 수행하였다. 위와 같은 가정으로 총 25종류(왜곡도계수 5개 ${\times}$ 표본 크기 5개)의 발생된 모분포에 6가지의 확률분포형과 3가지의 매개변수 추정방법(모멘트법, 최우도법, 확률가중모멘트법)을 조합한 18가지의 모델을 비교 분석해보았다. 평가방법으로는 평균 제곱근 오차(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE), 편의(bias), 평균 상대오차(Mean Relative Difference, MRD), 평균 절대 상대오차(Mean Absolute Relative Difference, MARD)를 사용하여 적용 모델의 성능을 비교 분석하였다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.144-158
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• 1974

This study was undertaken in an attempt to; 1) measure value orientation of nursing activities, 2) identify the relationship between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation, and 3) evaluate the pattern of nursing education and nursing service administration. 203 hospitalized adults and 203 professional nurses from 11 general hospitals in Seoul during the period of July to December 1973 were tested according to questionnaire based on 4 categories of clinical nursing activities, 1) physical care, 2) observation and control, 3) psycho-social care and 4) therapeutic measures. Results of the study are as follows: 1. Nurses were more concerned than patients in the physical care category. Significant difference was revealed by p<.01 level (t=2.800). Mean value score of nurses was average (2.84), and mean value score of patients was relative' y low (2.49). None of the physical care category questionnaire items were over 3.5. 2. Respondents from hospitals of total care system revealed significant difference in the physical care category by P〈.025 level. (t=2.242). Mean value score of both group were average level (nurse 2.90, patient 2.53), nurses showed higher concern. 3. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in observation and control category was revealed non- significance by p〉0.05. level (t=1.238). Mean value score of both group revealed relatively high (nurse=3.44, patient 3.19). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient〉expectation in psycho-social cart category revealed non- significance by p〉.05 level (t=0.758), Mean value score of both group revealed average level (nurse =2.71, patient =2.53), 5. Non- significant difference was noted between B. S. N. and diploma nurse's role perception in the psycho- social care category by p> 0.1 level (t=0.316). 4. Difference between nurse's role perception and patient's expectation in the rapeutic me assures category revealed non- significance by p〉0.05 level) t=0.503). Horses showed high concern by mean value score 3.56 level and patients relatively high by 3.41. All items of this category revealed very high or relatively high value score.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.5
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• pp.595-600
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• 2006

The plot design influences the budgets and the precision of forest inventory results. The objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of estimating forest variables such as tree density, basal area, volume, and species richness based on various plot sizes using fixed-area plot sampling in the natural deciduous forest of Pyeong-Chang County, Gang-won Province, Korea. In this study, 108 reference plots were established with a fixed plot size and shape of 0.09 ha ($30m{\times}30m$). In order to determine the optimal plot size for the interest of variables, each sample plot was established using different shapes (square, circle, and rectangle) and was divided into different plot sizes from 100 to $900m^2$. The mean relative difference (MRD) for the sum of the basal area and volume, and tree density per hectare decreased as plot size increased. But the MRD for three variables were only below 13% at the plot size of $500m^2$. Species richness for each reference stand observed ranging from 2 to 15 species, demonstrated highly positive significant relationships with plot size. The minimum plot size for the estimation of tree density, the sum of the BA and volume was determined to be about $400m^2$, whereas the estimation of species richness required a minimum plot size of $500m^2$.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.5_1
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• pp.1071-1081
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• 2021

Remote Sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV) can acquire images with higher time resolution and spatial resolution than aerial and satellite remote sensing. However, UAV images are photographed at low altitude and the area covered by one image isrelatively narrow. Therefore multiple images must be processed to monitor large area. Since UAV images are photographed under different exposure conditions, there is difference in brightness values between adjacent images. When images are mosaicked, unnatural seamlines are generated because of the brightness difference. Therefore, in order to generate seamless mosaic image, a radiometric processing for correcting difference in brightness value between images is essential. This paper proposes a relative radiometric calibration and image blending technique. In order to analyze performance of the proposed method, mosaic images of UAV images in agricultural and mountainous areas were generated. As a result, mosaic images with mean brightness difference of 5 and root mean square difference of 7 were avchieved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1475-1483
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses and subjective sensation according to fiber content of socks. Six female students participated in the wear trial test which was conducted in controled environmental chamber with 26${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and 60${\times}$3%. R.H.SAS program was used for statistical analysis. The results of this study were as follows. Mean skin temperature was significantly different among three different socks. AWNP socks had the highest mean skin temperature and instep temperature. Also relative humidity in the microclimate of socks as well as heart rate were influenced by fiber content of socks, However, test of subjective sensation such as thermal, humid, comfort sensation showed that there was no significant difference among three different socks thermal sensation during the exercise and recovery period.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of hip and thigh muscle activities between subjects with increased and decreased femoral anteversion during stair ascent. Twelve healthy female volunteers participated in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups (group 1 with increased anteversion of the hip, group 2 with decreased anteversion of the hip). This study analyzed differences in each mean peak gluteus maximus (GM), gluteus medius (GD) and tensor fascia lata (TLF) EMG amplitude: composite mean peak hip muscles (GM, GD, TFL) EMG amplitude ratios and in each mean peak vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (HM) and semitendinosus (HL) EMG amplitude: composite thigh muscles (VMO, VL, HM, HL) EMG amplitude ratios among subjects with decreased or increased relative femoral anteversion. EMG ratios were compared in the stance and swing phase of stair ascent. Group 1 showed an increased standardized mean GM and GD EMG amplitude and decreased standardized mean TFL to composite mean hip muscles EMG amplitude ratios in stair ascent during both stance and swing phase. Also, group 1 showed an increased standardized mean HL EMG amplitude and decreased standardized mean VL and HM to composite mean thigh muscles EMG amplitude ratios in stair ascent during both stance and swing phases. There was no statistically significant difference in vastus medialis oblique between subjects with increased or decreased relative femoral anteversion. In order to provide rehabilitation professionals with a clearer picture of the specific requirements of the stair climbing task, further research must be expanded to include a wider range of age groups that represent the general public, such as including middle-aged healthy persons.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

The conception rate of cow is a major factor in farm management. The environment of farm and management of cow are the best influencing factors on conception rate, and the fertility of bull is the second influencing factor. In Hanwoo bull, however, the informations limited to performance and carcass traits have been offered to Hanwoo farmer. Therefore, this study analysed the estimated relative conception rates (ERCR) for estimation of fertility of bulls, using the 8,892 mating data with 116 heads of prove bull to produce progeny. Mean of least square means of conception rate after first insemination was 50.95% in bull herds. On the standard of this mean, ERCRs after first insemination of each bull were analysed. Values ranged from -26.1% to +21.0%, the difference was 47.1%. Among 116 heads of bull analysed, KPN582 showed the highest ERCR as 21.0%, KPN550 (18.3%), KPN656 (16.7%), KPN632 (15.8%), KPN690 (14.9%) were gone behind, but KPN621 was the lowest as -26.1%, KPN680 (-21.3%), KPN674 (-16.2%), KPN569 (-15.9%), KPN699 (-14.9%) were succeeded. If ERCRs of Hanwoo bull will be offered to Hanwoo farmer, it will be worthwhile.