• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.47-55
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• 1994

To investigate the reliability and reproducibility of the computerized cephalometric analysis system, se compared the differences of the 10 linear and 13 angular measurements by manual works and the use of computerized cephalometric analysis system. We obtained as follows : 1. There was not significant difference between maean values of 22 manual and computerized measurements. 2. There was not significant difference between mean differences of manual and computerized cephalometric analysis data taken by same examiner except facial depth, facial length and posterior facial height. 3. There was not significant difference between mean differences of two trials of the computerized cephalometric analysis data by same examiner in all measurements. 4. There was not significant difference between mean differences of the computerized cephalometric analysis data by two examiners except FMIA and IMPA. According to this result, we guess the use of computerized cephalometric analysis system is useful on diagnosis and treatment planning of othodontic patients.

• 전자공학회논문지B
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• 제30B권4호
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• pp.130-137
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• 1993

In this paper, A progressive coding of mean difference pyramid by Hadamard transform of the difference between two successive pyramid levels has been studied. A block adaptive bit allocation method based on ac energy of each sub-block has been proposed, which efficiently reduces the final distortion in the progressive transmission of image parameters. In our scheme, the dc energy equals the sum of the quantization errors of the Hadamard transform coefficients at previous level. Therefore proposed allocation method includes the estimation of dc energy at each pyramid level. Computer simulation results show some improvements in terms of MSE and picture quality over the conventional fixed allocation scheme.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was examined the effect of training using a Virtual Reality System on the sitting balance and Activities of Daily Living for patients with a spinal cord injury. Methods: The subjects were divided into an experimental (6 persons) and control group (5 persons). The experimental group trained the 5 programs, three times per week for 6 weeks using the Virtual Reality System and five days for week using conventional physical therapy. The control group trained five days for a week using conventional physical therapy. Results: The difference in the mean Spinal Cord Independence Measurement (SCIM) score in the experimental and control groups was increased to 8.33 and 6.60 (p=0.79), respectively. The difference in the mean functional reaching test in experimental and control group increased to 4.21 and 1.09 (p=0.25), respectively. The difference in the mean sitting time in experimental and control group increased to 41.05 and 10.33 (p=0.66), respectively. There was a difference in the mean of all variances but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: These results suggest that training using the Virtual Reality System increased the SCIM, functional reaching test and sitting time in people with a spinal cord injury.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.141-155
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• 1999

For the purpose of disclosing the mental health status as well as its stress factors of female workers in industry, a questionaire survey was carried out on 283 female workers, namely. 134 of a service industry(department store) in seoul and 149 of a manufacturing industry(food) in Kyunggi-do district from 24 to 29 January, 1994. The result were as follows : 1. The mean scores of poor mental health indicator showed no significant difference between service industry and manufacturing industry, while the mean scores of good mental health indicator showed a significant difference between those two industries. 2. The mean scores of work stress as social stress factors showed a significant difference between service industry and manufacturing industry. However, no significant difference was observed between the mean scores of personal stress factor between those two industries. 3. In general, the work stress factor was more significantly contributed by marital status, while the social stress as well as the personal stress factor were contributed more by monthly income. 4. The major contributing factor to the poor mental health was the personal stress factor in general, followed by the work stress factor. However, the weight of these two stress factors was reversed according to the type of industries.

• 대한심미치과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1996

The arrangement of anterior artificial teeth is an important factor on the esthetics in the construction of complete dentures and prostheses. During construction of the complete denture the position of maxillary central incisor plays an important role in the arrangements of artificial teeth. The proper position of maxillary central incisor provides natural appearance of anterior teeth and the anterior reference point of occlusal plane. Many methods have been utilized to eatablish the position of the maxillary central incisor in complete denture prosthodontics. However, there has not been provided for the reference for Korean yet. This study was aimed to extablish a guide for the position of the maxillary central inciosr in Koreans. The horizontal and vertical distance between the maxillary central incisor and incisive papilla in Koreans were measured. 1. The mean value of horizontal distance from the maxillary central incisor to the incisive papilla had significant sexual difference, The average distance was 12.648mm in male and 11.385mm in female. 2. The horizontal distance of the incisive papilla had sexual difference, the average distance was 6.182mm in male and 5.622mm in female. 3. The vertical distance from the maxillary central incisor to the incisive papilla had not sexual difference, the average distance was 7.21mm. 4. The crown length of the maxillary central inciosrs from the distal interdental papilla had not sexual difference, the right central incisor was 6.40mm(mean) and the left central inciosr was 6.43mm(mean). 5. The clinical crown length of the maxillary central incisors had not sexual difference, the right central incisor 10.35mm(mean) and the left central incisor was 10.43mm(mean). 6. The shapes of the incisive papilla were pear(68.4%), oval(16%), triangular(6%), irregular(5%), rectangular(4%), and inverted pear(1%) shape.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.85-97
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• 1995

The arrangement of anterior artificial teeth is an important factor on the esthetics in the construction of complete denture and prosthesis. During construction of the complete denture the position of maxillary central incisor plays an important role in the arrangements of artificial teeth. The proper position of maxillary central incisor provides natural appearance of anterior teeth and the anterior reference point of occlusal plane. Many methods have been utilized to eatablish the position of the maxillary central incisor in complete denture prosthodontics. However, there has not been provided for the reference for Korean yet. This study was aimed to extablish the position of the maxillary central inciosr in Korean. The horizontal and vertical distance between the maxillary central incisor and incisive papilla in korean were measured. The results were as follows : 1. The mean value of horizontal distance from the maxillary central incisor to the incisive papilla had significant sexual difference, the average distance was 12.648mm (male), 11.385mm(female). 2. The horizontal distance of incisive papilla had sexual difference, the average distance was 6.182mm(male), 5.622mm(female). 3. The vertical distance from the maxillary central incisor to the incisive papilla had not sexual difference, the average distance was 7.21mm. 4. The crown length of maxillary central inciosrs from the distal interdental papilla had not sexual difference, the right central incisor was 6.40mm(mean) and the left central inciosr was 6.43mm(mean). 5. The clinical crown length of the maxillary central incisors had not sexual difference, the right central incisor 10.35mm(mean) and the left central incisor was 10.43mm(mean). 6. The anatomic shapes of incisive papilla were pear(68.4%), oval(16%), triangular(6%), irregular(5%), rectangular(4%), and inverted pear(1%) shape.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.193-205
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• 1994

The Study was carried out for the purpose of investigating the degree of perception in nursing activities. The data of this study were collected by self-reported questionnaire composed of 5 point rating scale measure the ideal level and the performance level of nurses activity. For the analysis of the data, percentage, MANOVA and ANOVA were 231 nurses in 3 general hospitals in Taegu. Data was administrated from October 4 through 14, 1994. The results were as follow : 1. The average mean score for the ideal level was 4.19 with a maximum possible score 5points. The highest mean score was Infection Controll and the lowest mean score was nutrition The average mean score for the performance level was 3.75, the highest mean score was fluid and electrolyte, the lowest mean score was nutrition. In the desirable nursing pergormance, Education was found the highest response above charge nurse, Medication was found the highest response above General nurse, environment was found the highest response above aide. 2. In the analysis of the relationship between the ideal level and th performance level, significant defference was found in age, position, career, marital status, occupation satisfaction, Nursing unit, parent. 3. In the analysis of the relationship between the ideal level and the performance level and the general characteristics, significant difference was found in marital status in the ideal level of direct nursing care, significant difference was found in age, position, marital status, nursing unit in the ideal level of indirect nursing care, significant difference was found in age, position, career, marital status, occupation satisfaction, nursing unit in the performance level of direct nursing care. significant difference was found in age (25-29) and above 30 career(4-7 and 7), occupation satisfaction(good and moderate, good and poor) in scheffe test of the performance level of direct nursing care.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.1161-1167
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of diazepam on fetal development in pregnant rats, this experiment was performed in eighty Sprague-Dawley female rats which were 8 weeks old and grouped into two according to different diazepam treatment period during 5-9 days of gestation and 10-14 days of gestation. Both experimental groups were included by saline treated groups (control) and diazepam-treated groups (6mg, 12mg and 24mg), respectively. Diazepam was injected to pregnant rats subcutaneously, which were sacrified on 20 days of gestation and mean litter size, fetal body weight, fetal crown-rump length (CRL) and pathological findings were examined. 1. Concerning mean litter size, diazepam-treated groups showed lower mean litter size than control in both 5-9 days and 10-14 days of gestation groups(p < 0.05) without difference according to dosage of diazepam and day of gestation. 2. Concerning fetal body weight, diazepam-treated groups during 5-9 days of gestation showed lower fetal body weight than control and the other treated group during 10-14 days(p < 0.01) without difference according to dosage of diazepam. Diazepam-treated group during 10-14 days of gestation showed no difference among experimented groups. 3. Concerning fetal crown-rump length (CRL), diazepam-treated groups during 5-9 days of gestation showed shorter CRL than control and the other treated group during 10-14 days of gestation(p < 0.01) without difference according to dosage of diazepam. 4. Reduction of mean litter size, fetal body weight and CRL was shown from when treated by the dosage of 6mg/kg of diazepam. 5. Maternal mortality according to dosage of the 20mg/kg of diazepam were 30% and 20% in the treated group during 5-9 days and 10-14 days of gestation, respectively. These results indicated that diazepam treatment in pregnant rats caused considerable reduction of mean litter size, fetal body weight and fetal crown-rump length when treated during 5-9 days of gestation.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2022

The perceiving a calling scale is composed of three constructs: transcendent sermon, meaningful and prosocial aspects. Based on the multiple group confirmatory factor analysis from the structural equation model, we confirmed the measurement invariance between Christians and non-Christians at the scale level. Furthermore, to investigate the mean difference between Christians and non-Christians, we performed latent mean analysis. The results showed that the three-factor structure is equivalent across Christians and non-Christians, and further confirmed metric invariance and scalar invariance. Thus, the perceived calling scale is applicable to both Christians and non-Christians without biases. We also examined mean differences between the two groups. Christians demonstrated significantly higher scores on the three factors but no difference on the living a calling. This study provided meaningful information in understanding calling, and we discussed limitations and future directions.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.265-273
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the children's sleeping patterns, such as the sleeping hours and the nature of sleep disruptions following hospitalization and its accompanying factors. The data were collected from December, 1997 to March, 1998 using a questionnaire developed by researchers. The subjects were 76 children in a hospital. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. The average sleeping hours (sleep duration) at night were 10 hours and 10 minutes and 9 hours and 9 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). The average sleeping hours in the day time were 1 hour 28 minutes and 2 hours and 26 minutes before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). 2. The mean bed time(sleep onset) was 10: 22 pm and 10 : 28 pm before and after hospitalization respectively. There was no significant difference. 3. The mean hour of rising(sleep termination) was 7: 54 am 7 : 08 am before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.01). 4. The mean number of sleep disruption was 0.72 and 1.94 before and after hospitalization respectively. There was a significant difference(P<0.01). The sleep disruptions were influenced by crying of other children(53.9%), lights(28.9), nursing procedures(18.4%), noise of TV(17.l%) and noise of visitors (15.8%).