• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.537-546
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of six different plant protein sources such as soybean meal, extruded full-fat soybean, canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal as a sole protein source of diets on growth performance and amino acid bioavailabilities in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 54 pigs with average 25 kg of body weight were used as experimental subjects for a 65-d feeding trial. Digestion trial was carried out with seven ileal-cannulated pigs. The most rapid rate of weight gain was observed in pigs fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean, the moderate one in pigs fed canola meal and cottonseed meal and the least one in pigs fed rapeseed meal and perilla meal (p<0.005). Feed efficiency was better for groups fed soybean meal and full-fat soybean than other protein meals (p<0.05). The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids of soybean meal and full-fat soybean (82.5% and 81.6%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other protein sources (61.2 to 69.4%). Regardless of protein sources, the apparent ileal digestibility of arginine was highest, whereas that of histidine was lowest among essential amino acids. Proline had the lowest digestibility among non-essential amino acids. True amino acid digestibilities tended to be higher than apparent amino acid digestibilities. The differences between true and apparent ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal than other protein sources. The differences was greatest in praline except for cottonseed meal. The fecal digestibility appeared to be higher than the ileal digestibility. The differences between fecal and ileal digestibilities were greater in canola meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and perilla meal than in soybean meal and full-fat soybean. In general, praline was the most disappeared amino acid in the hind gut, while the net synthesis of lysine in the large intestine was observed in all protein sources except perilla meal. It is appropriate that swine feeds should be formulated based on true ileal amino acid digestibility of protein sources for pig's normal growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1745-1752
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• 2019

Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 11 plant protein sources fed to growing pigs. Methods: Eleven feed ingredients used were sesame meal, two sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced in the Republic of Korea, a source of SBM produced in India, high-protein distillers dried grains (HPDDG), perilla meal, canola meal, copra meal, corn germ meal, palm kernel expeller, and tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG). Experimental diets were prepared to contain each test ingredient as a sole source of AA, and a nitrogen-free diet was also prepared to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. Twelve barrows surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum with an initial body weight of 29.0 kg (standard deviation = 3.0) were individually housed in metabolism crates equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. A $12{\times}9$ incomplete Latin square design was employed with 12 experimental diets, 12 animals, and 9 periods. After a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 in each experimental period. Results: Values for apparent ileal digestibility of most indispensable AA in three sources of SBM were greater compared with other test ingredients except HPDDG and canola meal (p<0.05). Pigs fed diets containing SBM sources had also greater SID of most indispensable AA compared with those fed diets containing other test ingredients (p<0.05) except for HPDDG and canola meal. There was no difference in the apparent ileal digestibility and SID of AA among sources of SBM. The TDDG had the least value for the SID of methionine among test ingredients (p<0.05). Conclusion: The SID of most AA in SBM, HPDDG, and canola meal were greater than those in sesame meal, perilla meal, copra meal, and TDDG.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.383-389
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• 2014

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the apparent dry matter and protein digestibility of seven different dietary protein sources by juvenile river puffer Takifugu obscurus. Eight diets containing white fish meal (WFM), brown fish meal (BFM), squid liver powder (SLP), krill meal (KM), leather meal (LM), soybean meal (SM), or fermented soybean meal (FSM) were prepared by mixing a basal diet (BD) with one of the seven test ingredients at a ratio of 7 to 3. Fish averaging $10.8{\pm}0.04g$ were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups. The apparent dry matter digestibilities of BFM, WFM, FSM, SLP, LM, SM, and KM were 80, 78, 72, 67, 56, 55, and 54%, respectively, while the corresponding apparent protein digestibilities were 96, 96, 93, 92, 89, 88, and 86. The weight gain of fish fed BFM was significantly greater than that of fish fed SM or LM (P<0.05), while it was not significantly different from that of fish fed the BD, WFM, FSM, BFM, SLP, or KM. These results indicated that WFM, BFM, FSM, and SLP are potentially good protein sources for replacing fish meal in river puffer feed.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 1999

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate dietary protein sources replacing fish meal for parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. A control diet with white fish meal as a protein source was included. White fish meal in the isonitrogenous diet was replaced with each of 22% meat meal, 17% blood meal, or 31% soybean meal. Triplicate groups of 25 fish initially averaging 26 g were fed four experimental diets for 7 weeks in a flow-through tank system. Weight agin and feed efficiency in fish fed diet containing 17% blood meal (this diet also contained 45% white fish meal) were not significantly different from those in fish fed the control diet (P>0.05). Fish fed diet containing 22% meat meal had lower weight gain and feel efficiency than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). weight gain of fish fed diet containing 31% soybean meal was not different from that of fish fed the control diet, but feed efficiency of fish fed the diet was lower than that of fish fed the control diet.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-130
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• 1993

본 시험은 Sprague-Dawley 계통 흰쥐 수컷에게 지방의 종류와 식이급여 횟수를 달리하면서 급여하였을 때 성장 및 지방대사에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 4종류의 지방(팜유, 우지, 대두유 및 경화대두유) 및 2종류의 식이급여형태(ad-libitum, 4$\times$meal feeding)를 달리하여 4$\times$2 요인시험으로 실시하였다. 4주간 시험식이를 ad-libitum(AL)군은 식이를 제한없이 자유롭게 섭취하도록 하였으며, meal feeding(MF)군은 1일 1회 즉, 09:00~12:00까지만 식이를 제한없이 급여하였다. 사양시험 종료후 간조직에서의 콜레스테롤합성 능력을 알아보기 위해 흰쥐의 간조직을 채취하여 in vitro 배양 시험을 실시하였다. 또한 간과 지방조직에서의 지방합성 및 분해 능력을 알아보기 위해 사양시험이 끝난 흰쥐의 간과 지방조직을 채위하여 in vitro 세포배양에서의 지방합성 능력과 지방분해 능력을 측정하였다. 본 시험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 성장하는 흰쥐의 증체량, 식이섭취량 및 식이효율은 AS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil)군이 다른군에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향은 받지 않고, 식이급여형태에 의한 차이를 보여 MF군이 AL군에 비해 식이섭취량이 감소하였고, 중체량도 60%정도로 유의성있게(p<0.05)감소했다. 2) 간조직의 콜레스테롤합성 능력은 식이급여형태에 의한 차이를 보여 MF군이 AL군에 비해 간조직의 콜레스테롤합성 능력이 증가되는 경향을 (p<0.001) 보였는데 특히 불포화도가 높은 대두유군에서 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가되었다. 3) 간조직의 in vitro 지방합성 능력은 MP(meal feeding+palm oil)군이 AP(ad-libitum+palm oil)군보다, MHS(meal feeding+hydrogenated soybean oil)군이 AHS(ad-libitum+hydrogenated soybean oil)군보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가했고, AB(ad-libium+beef tallow)군과 MB(meal feeding+beef tallow)군에서 지방합성 능력이 현저하게 증가되는 경향을(p<0.05)보였다. 식이급여형태나 식이지방의 종류에 대한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 간조직에서의 in virto 지방분해 능력은 MF군이 AL군에 비해 유의하게(P<0.001) 증가했고, 식이지방의 종류에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 4) 지방조의 in vitro 시험에 의하면 MF식이가 AL식이에 비해 지방합성 능력이 유의성있게(p<0.05) 증가하였으나, 지방분해 능력은 저하되었다(p<0.001). 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향을 받아 우지군이 다른 지방군에 비해 지방합성 능력이 유의성있게(p<0.001) 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 지방분해 능력은 식이지방의 종류에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1568-1577
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• 2023

Objective: A study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of banana meal and rice bran from Australia or South-East Asia and test the hypothesis that there are no differences in rice bran produced in different countries, but there are differences between full-fat and defatted rice bran. Methods: Two sources of banana meal and 22 sources of rice bran (full-fat or defatted) from Australia or South-East Asia were used. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, total starch, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Banana meal was also analyzed for sugars including glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose. Results: Chemical analysis demonstrated that banana meal from the Philippines is primarily composed of starch. Full-fat rice bran from Australia had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of AEE, lysine, and glycine than samples from the Philippines and Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran from Australia and Thailand had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of gross energy and most AA than rice bran from Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran from Australia had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of tryptophan and manganese than all other sources, but full-fat rice bran from the Philippines contained less (p<0.05) zinc than all other sources of rice bran. Gross energy, AEE, and copper were greater (p<0.05) in full-fat rice bran compared with defatted rice bran, but defatted rice bran contained more (p<0.05) crude protein, ash, insoluble dietary fiber, total dietary fiber, AA, and some minerals than full-fat rice bran. Conclusion: Banana meal is a high-energy source that can be used as an alternative ingredient in livestock diets. Full-fat rice bran from Australia and Thailand contained more concentrations of AEE and AA than samples from the Philippines or Vietnam. Full-fat rice bran had more gross energy and AEE than defatted rice bran, whereas defatted rice bran contained more crude protein, ash, and total dietary fiber.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1272-1275
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• 2001

Two hundred and forty post-larvae (PL) of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii were distributed in eight treatment groups with three replicates each. Eight experimental diets were prepared by using squilla (Orato squilla nepa), squid (Sepia pharonis) and clam (katelysia opima) alone or in different combination as source of animal protein and compared to a control diet containing fish meal. Total crude protein content for all dietary treatments was around 32%. Total protein content of fish meal was replaced by an equal amount of protein from different animal protein sources on isonitrogenous basis. Diets were fed at 5% of the body weight of post-larvae twice daily. The experiment was conducted for a period of 60 days. It was found that all the above three protein sources could be used by completely replacing fishmeal except clam meal at higher level of inclusion (26%). A combination of squid and squilla meal at 14% each in the diet increased the growth performance of PL significantly (p<0.05) in terms of Specific growth rate (SGR) % (5.17), FCR (2.12) and PER (1.51). Squilla meal can be used to the maximum level of 38% without any growth depression.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.293-301
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible utilization of 5 different animal protein sources in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Meat and bone meal (MBM), feather meal (FM), squid liver powder (SLP), poultry by-product(PBP) and blood meal (BM) were chosen to be the candidate for the possible ingredients for the dietary fish meal replacer in rainbow trout feed. Six different diets were formulated of isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $48\textperthousand$ crude protein and 16.7 kJ/g diet: diet 1, $100\textperthousand$ white fish meal (WFM); diet w, $80\textperthousand$ WFM +20% MBM; diet 3, 80% WFM +20% FM; diet 4, 80% WFM+20% SLP; diet 5, 80% SFM+20% PBP; diet 6, 80% WFM +20% BM. As the dietary protein sources, each diet containing 34.7% of animal protein were supplied by WFM with and without MBM, FM, SLP, PBP or BM and approximately 64.2% of plant protein. After one week of conditioning period, fish averaging 2g were divided into six groups and fed one of the experimental diets for 8 weeks. After eight weeks of feeding trials, there were no significant differences in weight gain and feed conversion ratio among groups of fish fed diet 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6(P>0.05). However, weight gain of fish fed diet 2 were significantly lower than those of fish fed diet 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6(P<0.05). These results indicated that FM, SLP, PBP and BM can be used as a dietary fish meal replacer up to 20% in juvenile rainbow trout.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-85
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• 1997

본 연구는 조피볼락 사료에 있어서 동물성 단백질원들의 영양적 평가(체조성과 성장)를 결정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 6가지 실험사료 중 북양어분구(WFM), 넙치근육구(FMM), 오징어간분구(SLP)는 한가지, 혈분구(BM)는 혈분과 북양어분을, 카제인구(CG)는 카제인, 젤라틴 및 북양어분을, 그리고 난단백구(EWA)는 난단백, 젤라틴 및 북양어분을 단백질원으로 이용하여 사료내 조단백질 함량을 50%로, 가용에너지는 15.9 KJ/g (physiological fuel value ; 단백질 : 지방 : 탄수화물 = 16.7 KJ/g : 37.7 KJ/g : 16.7 KJ/g)으로 조정하였다. 성장률, 사료효율 및 단백질효율은 북양어분구보다 넙치육분, 오징어간분구보다 혈분구 그리고 난백구보다 카제인구가 유의적으로 우수한 결과를 보였으며(P<0.05), 혈분구는 북양어분을 혼합하여 혈분의 기호성을 높인 결과로 사료된다. 6가지 실험구의 전어체 분석, HSI, Hb, Hematocrit은 다양하게 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 따라서, 상기 결과는 조피볼락에 있어서 동결 건조된 넙치근육분이 가장 좋았고, 난단백은 가장 저조한 성장을 보여 주었다.