• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.1346-1350
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• 2004

Pseudo-first order rate constants $(k_{obs})$ are reported for the following solvolyses in approximately isodielectric mixtures: 3- and 4-methoxybenzyl chloride, bromo- and chlorodiphenylmethane, and 4-chloro-, 4,4'-dichloro and 4-methyl-chlorodiphenylmethane in 0-80% v/v nitromethane-methanol mixtures; and bromo- and chlorodiphenylmethane and 4-methyl-chlorodiphenylmethane in various acetonitrile-methanol mixtures (in the range 0-50% v/v) at$25^{\circ}C.$ These data, and literature data for t-butyl halides (Cl, Br, and I), and for p-methoxybenzoyl chloride, show rate maxima in solvent compositions of ca. 30% aprotic cosolvent, explained by a stoichiometric solvent effect on electrophilic solvation. Linear relationships are observed between $(k_{obs})/[MeOH]^2$ and [AP]/[MeOH], where [AP] refers to the molar concentration of aprotic cosolvent. The results are consistent with competing third order contributions to $k_{obs}$, $k_{MM}[MeOH]^2$ with hydrogen-bonded methanol as electrophile, and $k_{MAP}[MeOH][AP]$ with hydrogen-bonding disrupted by the aprotic solvent.

• 한국지열·수열에너지학회논문집
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

In this study, the effect of operating conditions of fan-coil unit with an oval tube type heat exchanger on its non-dimensional performance coefficient has been investigated. Pressure drops and heat transfer rates were measured under heating condition for various water flow rates, inlet temperatures and wind speeds. As a non-dimensional performance coefficient, Colburn j-factor was evaluated. The results show that the most sensitive parameter on heat flux is the inlet temperature, which affects the heat flux 4.7 and 7.2 times more than the wind speed and water flow rate, respectively. On the other hand, the Colburn j-factor as a non-dimensionalized index decreases with the wind speed, and has an maximum when the wind speed is about 1 m/s. the Colburn j-factor increases slowly with the water flow rate and inlet temperature but at a certain range of inlet temperature, the opposite phenomenon is found.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.410-423
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• 2019

Fire suppression using a water mist nozzle directly above an n-Heptane pool in a fire compartment with a door opening was numerically investigated using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for the purpose of application in nuclear power plants. Input parameters for the numerical simulation were determined by experimental measurements. Water mist was activated 10 s after the fire began. The sensitivity analysis was conducted for three input parameters: total number of cubic cells of 6032-2,926,400, droplets per second of 1000-500,000, and extinguishing coefficient of 0-100. In a new simple calibration method of this study, the extinguishing coefficient yielding the fire suppression time closest to that measured by experiments was found for use as the FDS simulation input value. When the water mist jet flow made contact with the developed fire, the heat release rate instantaneously increased, and then rapidly decreased. This phenomenon occurred with a displacement of the flame near the liquid fuel pool. Changing the configuration of the door opening with different aspect ratios and opening ratios had impact on the maximum value of the heat release rate due to the flame displacement.

• 생태와환경
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• 제35권1호통권97호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

낙동강 중${\cdot}$하류수역에서 1997년 1월부터 1999년 12월사이 3년간의 수온, Chl. a, 유량변동을 모니터링하였다. 유량별 Chl. a 지점별 분포는 강수량에 따른 하천유량의 증감으로 인해 Chl. a 최대농도지점이 상${\cdot}$하류로 이동하였고, 수온별 Chl. a 의 최대농도 분포 역시 수온변화에 따라 상${\cdot}$하류로 이동하여 하천유속과 수온이식물플랑크톤 최대현존량(Chl. a)지점 형성에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하천유하시간을 이용하여 식물플랑크톤 최대성장시간을 수온별로 구분한 결과 저수온시에는 평균적으로 380시간, 상온시는 240시간, 고수온시는 120시간 정도에서 최고농도에 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 낙동강 중 ${\cdot}$하류수역에서 식물플랑크톤 농도 예측을 위한 수온별 성장 및 사멸계수는 $10{\circ}^C$ 이하에서는 0.201과 $-0.012\; day^{-1}$, $10{\sim}20{\circ}^C$에서는 0.254와 $-0.128\;day^{-1}$ 그리고 $20{\circ}^C$ 이상에서는 0.289와 $-0.193\;day^{-1}$로 각각 산정되었다. 이러한 결과로부터 영양염 공급이 풍부한 낙동강 중 ${\cdot}$ 하류수계에서는 식물플랑크톤의 최대농도 지점이 수온과 유속에 크게 영향을 받으며, 따라서 상수원과 같은 특정지점에서 식물플랑크톤의 최대현존량이 형성되는 것을 막기 위해서는 댐 방류량 조절을 통해 최대현존량지점을 상 ${\cdot}$ 하류지역으로 이동시킴으로서 식물플랑크톤 농도를 줄이는 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2014

병목현상은 많은 피난인들이 출구나 복도를 지나가려하게 되면 생기는 현상이다. 병목현상으로 인해 시간의 지연이 생기게 되며, 이는 건물 화재 시의 피난 예측에서 매우 중요한 요소가 된다. 피난시간 분석에서 병목현상은 유동률이라는 요소로 반영된다. 이는 시간당 단위 폭 당 통과되는 사람의 수를 나타낸다. 피난모델링에서 계산되는 유동률은 피난실험의 결과에 근접해야하며, 이에 대한 확인은 필수적인 사항이다. 본 연구에서는 유동률에 대한 피난실험의 결과와 피난모델 Pathfinder의 적용결과를 비교하여 보았다. 그 결과 피난실험과 모델링의 결과 값은 차이를 보여주고 있다. 실험의 평균값은 $4.25N/m{\cdot}s$이고 시뮬레이션의 최대 값은 $1.55N/m{\cdot}s$로 나타났다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2019

과환기 화재조건에서 화원과 측벽의 거리에 따른 화재특성에 관한 실험 및 수치해석 연구가 수행되었다. 1/3 축소된 ISO 9705 화재실이 제작되었으며, Spruce wood crib이 연료로 사용되었다. 구획 내부의 현상 이해를 위하여 Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)를 활용한 시뮬레이션이 수행되었다. 개방된 공간 화재에 비해 구획실 화재는 벽면의 열 피드백 효과로 인하여 질량 감소율과 열발생률이 증가됨이 확인되었다. 측벽과 화원의 거리가 감소됨에 따라 화염으로의 공기 유입 제한에도 불구하고 주요 화재특성인 최대 질량 감소율, 열발생률, 화재 성장률, 온도 및 열유속이 증가되었다. 특히 측벽과 화원이 접촉되었을 때 이들 물리량의 가장 큰 변화가 확인되었다. 추가로 화원과 측벽의 거리에 따른 구획 내부의 유동구조의 변화로 인하여 온도의 수직분포에 상당한 변화가 발생됨이 확인되었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 실리카 복합막 기반 고분자 전해질막을 5단 연료전지 스택에 적용하여 성능 평가를 수행하였다. 이를 통하여, 개별 구성 요소의 성능도 중요하지만, 전체적인 관점에서 공급되는 연료의 유량이 스택 성능에 중요한 역할을 하며, 특히 수소의 유량에 크게 의존한다는 사실이 확인하였다. 산소의 유량을 증가시켜도 성능의 변화는 미미한 반면, 수소의 유량을 증가시키면 성능이 향상되는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 수소의 유량 증가는 수소와 산소 유량 비율의 불균형을 초래하여 장기적으로는 스택 성능과 내구성을 저하시키는 문제가 관찰되었다. 이러한 현상을 스택 구성 요소 및 개별 단위 셀에서도 관찰할 수 있었으며, 따라서 스택 운전 시 각 구성 요소의 성능을 최적화하는 것 외에도 균일한 유량 제어를 위해 유로 설계 및 운전 조건을 최적화하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 실리카 복합막은 최대 출력 기준 25 W 이상의 성능을 나타내어 실제 연료전지 시스템에 적용하기에 충분한 성능을 갖춘 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.750-757
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• 2005

The objective of this study is an understanding of the effect of inlet flow angle on the output power performance of a Francis hydraulic turbine, An optimum induced angle at the inlet of the turbine is one of the most important design parameters to have the best performance of the turbine at a given operating condition, In general. rotating speed of the turbine is varied with the change of water mass flowrate in a volute, The induced angle of the inlet water should be properly adjusted to the operating condition to have maximum energy conversion efficiency of the turbine, In this study. a numerical simulation was conducted to have detail understanding of the flow phenomenon in the flow path and output power of the model Francis turbine. The indicated power produced by the model turbine at a given operating condition was found numerically and compared to the brake power of the turbine measured by experiment at KIER. From comparison of two results, turbine efficiency or energy conversion efficiency of the model turbine was estimated. From the study, it was found that the rotating power of the turbine linearly increased with the rotating speed. It means that the higher volume flow rate supplied. the bigger torque on the turbine shaft generated. The maximum brake efficiency of the turbine is around 46$\%$ at 35 degree of induced angle. The difference between numerical and experimental output of the model turbine is defined as mechanical efficiency. The maximum mechanical efficiency of the turbine is around 93$\%$ at 25$\∼$30 degree of induced angle.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2002

Flame spread experiments of a fuel droplet array were performed using a microgravity environment. N-decane, 1-octadecene, and the blends (50% : 50% vol.) of these fuels were used and the experiments were conducted at pressures up to 5.0 MPa, which are over the critical pressure of these fuels. Observations of the flame spread phenomenon were conducted for OH radical emission images recorded using a high-speed video camera. The flame spread rates were calculated based on the time history of the spreading forehead of the OH emission images. The flame spread rate of the n-decane droplet-array decreased with pressure and had its minimum at a pressure around half of the critical pressure and then increased again with pressure. It had its maximum at a pressure over the critical pressure and then decreased gradually. The pressure dependence of flame spread rate of 1-octadecene were similar to those of n-decan, but the magnitude of the spread rate was much smaller than that of n-decane. The variation of the flame spread for the blended fuel was similar to that of n-decane in the pressure range from atmospheric pressure to near the critical pressure of the blended fuel. When the pressure increased further, it approached to that of 1-octadecene. Numerically estimated gas-liquid equilibrium states proved that almost all the fuel gas which evaporated from the droplet at ordinary pressure consisted of n-decane whereas near and over the critical pressure, the composition of the fuel gas was almost the same as that of the liquid phase, so that the effects of 1-octadecene on the flame spread rate was significant.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the concentration distribution characteristics of air pollutants by the yellow sand from China. The concentrations and chemical properties of FPM contained in the yellow sand were compared with those of air pollutants when having no yellow sand in order to estimate the variation characteristics and the originated source of air pollutants moved by yellow sand. The concentrations of PM-2.5 and PM-10 contained in the yellow sand showed an increase of 2.3 to 2.7 times than usual, and the concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in the gaseous pollutants showed an increase of about 1.6 times by yellow sand, and thus the air contamination was much influenced by yellow sand phenomenon. The concentrations of inorganic elements contained in FPM from the yellow sand showed a higher concentration variation in the order of Al>Mg>Zn>Pb than usual. The concentration coefficient of air aerosol during the yellow sand period showed that Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were originated from natural source, and Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn were originated from artificial source for inorganic elements. The correlation analysis between FPM and inorganic elements showed in the descending order of Al>K>Pb>Mg, and thus the deposited amount of Pb was influenced by that of yellow sand. The average concentrations of PM-10 measured during the yellow sand period exceeded the Korea Air Environmental Standard and showed a excess rate of 3.4 times in the maximum but the average concentrations of PM-2.5 showed within the United States Air Environmental Standard.