• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2010

In order to demonstrate the value of long-distance radiography, we have studied how distance affects images in chest frontal radiography and compared short-distance and long-distance images in chest lateral radiography. Cardiothoracic ratio(CTR %) of 50 patients with no disease in the chest(10 each at the age of 20~60) were evaluated in Supine AP(100 cm), Sitting AP(100 cm), Sitting AP(180 cm), and Erect PA(180 cm). In lateral radiography, we evaluated and compared left lateral radiography(100 cm and 180 cm) of the patients based on the horizontal maximum of the heart. The average value of CTR(%) were 0.48 in Erect PA(180 cm), 0.52 in Supine AP(100 cm), 0.50 in Sitting AP(100 cm), 0.49 in Sitting AP(180 cm), which were Supine AP(100 cm) > Sitting AP(100 cm) > Sitting AP(180 cm) > Erect PA(180 cm). The average value of Maximum transverse diameter of left of the cardiac(MLD), which showed how much axis of spine was slanted to the left, was 90.67 mm in Erect PA(180 cm), 103.92 mm in Supine AP(100 cm), 93.54 mm in Sitting(100 cm), 89.84 mm in Sitting AP(180 cm), 58.11 mm in the minimum value and 118.79 mm in the maximum value. The average value of Maximum transverse diameter of right side of the cardiac(MRD), which suggested how much axis of spine was slanted to the right, was 47.18 mm in Erect PA(180 cm), 48.12 mm in Supine AP(100 cm), 44.98 mm in Sitting AP(180 cm), and the minimum value 26.84 mm and the maximum value 65.30 mm. There was no standard method to calculate; therefore, the horizontal maximum of the heart was used for lateral radiography. The average value was 121.07 mm in 100 cm and 109.76 mm in 180 cm. Sitting AP(180 cm) among the types was closest to C-PA(180 cm). As a result, during C-AP radiography, long-distance radiography lessened shadow of the heart more than that of short distance, Sitting position more than Supine position.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.386-394
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• 2023

This study investigated changes in salivary cortisol, lactic acid, and heart rate along the route during walking exercise in a forest environment for the purpose of reducing stress. Walking exercise in a forest environment was conducted on a Hill Type (Distance: 800m, Average slope 25°, Altitude 112m) and Step Type (Distance: 800m, Average slope 25°, Altitude 114m) routes for 10 female college students in their 20s. The subjects were asked to walk at a speed of 60 bpm. The resulting changes in salivary cortisol, lactate, and average heart rate during exercise were compared and analyzed using Repeated Measurement two-way ANOVA, and the maximum heart rate during exercise and average heart rate at rest were compared and analyzed using paired t-test, and the following results were obtained. First, there was no significant difference in salivary cortisol depending on the type and period of the forest, but it tended to gradually decrease. Second, there was a significant difference in lactic acid depending on the type and period, and it was higher in Step Type. Third, there was a significant difference in the average heart rate during exercise, and it was higher in Step Type. Fourth, there was a significant difference in maximum heart rate during exercise, and it was higher in Step Type. Fifth, there was no significant difference in average heart rate during rest. In summary, walking exercise in a forest environment can be effective for stress reduction for female college students in their 20s, but it appears that forest routes should be selected according to physical strength level, and walking exercise in a forest environment for long periods of time is not recommended. For this purpose, it is suggested that it is appropriate to select the Hill Type route.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2889-2894
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• 2015

Background: To investigate the impact of the breast size, shape, maximum heart depth (MDH), and chest wall hypotenuse (the distance connecting middle point of the sternum and the length of lung draw on the selected transverse CT slice) on the volumetric dose to heart with whole breast irradiation (WBI) of left-sided breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Fifty-three patients with left-sided breast cancer undergoing adjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were enrolled in the study. The primary breast size and shape, MHD and DCWH (chest wall hypotenuse) were contoured on radiotherapy (RT) planning CT slices. The dose data of hearts were obtained from the dose-volume histograms (DVHs). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t-test and linear regression analysis. Results: Breast size was independent of heart dose, whereas breast shape, MHD and DCWH were correlated with heart dose. The shapes of breasts were divided into four types, as the flap type, hemisphere type, cone type and pendulous type with heart mean dose being $491.8{\pm}234.6cGy$, $752.7{\pm}219.0cGy$, $620.2{\pm}275.7cGy$, and $666.1{\pm}238.0cGy$, respectively. The flap type of breasts shows a strong statistically reduction in heart dose, compared to others (p=0.008 for V30 of heart). DCWH and MHD were found to be the most important parameters correlating with heart dose in WBI. Conclusions: More attention should be paid to the heart dose of non-flap type patients. The MHD was found to be the most important parameter to correlate with heart dose in tangential WBI, closely followed by the DCWH, which could help radiation oncologists and physicsts evaluate heart dose and design RT plan in advance.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제37권
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• pp.30.1-30.7
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• 2015

Background: The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) may be injured during extraction of the mandibular third molar, causing severe postoperative complications. Many methods have been described for evaluating the relative position between the mandibular third molar and the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) on panoramic radiography and computed tomography, but conventional radiography provides limited information on the proximity of these two structures. The present study assessed the benefits of three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) prior to surgical extraction of the mandibular third molar, to prevent IAN damage. Methods: This retrospective study included 4917 extractions in 3555 patients who presented for extraction of the mandibular third molars. The cases were classified into three groups, according to anatomical relationship between the mandibular third molars and the IAC on panoramic radiography and whether 3D-CT was performed. Symptoms of IAN damage were assessed using the touch-recognition test. Data were compared using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: Among the 32 cases of IAN damage, 6 cases were included in group I (0.35 %, n = 1735 cases), 23 cases in group II (1.1 %, n = 2063 cases), and 3 cases in group III (0.27 %, n = 1119 cases). The chi-square test showed a significant difference in the incidence of IAN damage between groups I and II. No significant difference was observed between groups I and III using Fisher's exact test. In the 6 cases of IAN damage in group I, the mandibular third molar roots were located lingual relative to the IAC in 3 cases and middle relative to the IAC in 3 cases. The overlap was ${\geq}2mm$ in 3 of 6 cases and 0-2 mm in the remaining 3 cases. The mean distance between the mandibular third molar and IAC was 2.2 mm, the maximum distance 12 mm, and the minimum distance 0.5 mm. Greater than 80 % recovery was observed in 15 of 32 (46.8 %) cases of IAN damage. Conclusions: 3D-CT may be a useful tool for assessing the three-dimensional anatomical relationship and proximity between the mandibular third molar and IAC in order to prevent IAN damage during extraction of mandibular third molars.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5-23
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• 2002

Purpose: To determine the effect of the Fall Prevention Program(EPP) on gait, balance and muscle strength in elderly women at a nursing home. Method: The subjects of this consisted of 38 elderly women between the ages of 70 to 89 years living at a nursing home located in Seoul. Each of the experimental group and control group was composed of 19 subjects. The subjects in experimental group have participated in FPP for the 8 weeks which consisted of exercise, education and foot care. They started to exercise for 40 minutes per session, 3 sessions a week during the 1st week at 40% of age adjusted maximum heart rate. From the 2nd week to the 4th week, they increased the duration of exercise to 50 minutes per session and the intensity to 60% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate. They participated in 50 minutes at 60% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate from the 5th week to the 8th week. Each exercise session consisted of 10 minutes of warming-up exercise, 30 minutes of conditioning exercise and 10 minutes of cooling-down exercise. They participated in education for 20 minutes per week from the 1st week to the 4th week. Then they participated in a 30-minute foot care program per week from the 5th week to the 8th week. Gait, balance and muscle strength for each subject were measured before and after FPP. Gait was evaluated by step length, step width, gait speed and walking distance. Balance was measured by the duration of standing on one leg with their eyes closed and open each, and a get-up and go test. Grip strength was measured by hand dynamometer. Hip extensor and flexor strength, knee extensor and flexor strength and ankle plantarflexor and dorsiflexor strength were measured by manual muscle tester. Data was analyzed using SPSS form Windows. t-test and Chi square test were utilized as a homogeneity test. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to test the effect of FPP. Result: 1) Step width significantly decreased, and step length, gait speed and walking distance significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group after FPP(p<0.005). 2) There was no significant change in standing time on one leg with their eyes closed after FPP. The standing time on leg with their eyes open and the time of "get-up and go" significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group after FPP(p<0.005). 3) Muscle strength-grip strength, hip extensor and flexor strength-significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group after FPP(p<0.005). 4) There was no significant difference of frequency of fall between the experimental group and control group during the period of FPP. Conclusion: These results suggest that FPP can increase gait, balance and muscle strength of elderly women at a nursing home.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.819-829
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• 2010

By referring thirty-seven previous studies on manual material handling (MMH), this paper analyzed guidelines and main factors of one-handed tasks. The previous studies concerned main factors of distance, weight, frequency, posture, gender, age, training, direction of force, height of the force exerted, and object shape and size. Based on these factors, the criteria used to understand one-handed tasks were objective measures of maximum strength, reaction force, etc., psychophysical measures of maximum acceptable frequency and weight, etc., and physiological measures of oxygen uptake, heart rate, electromyography, etc. An allowance threshold model regarding quantitative and objective fatigue and workload would be suggested for future research. This study would be expected that it serve to establish and Korean recommendations of one-handed tasks.

• 산업공학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2002

A study was conducted to develop user-centered kitchen furniture and workspace to reduce fatigue and to prevent housewives's disorders such as low back pain and musculoskeletal disorders from housekeeping activities. A questionnaire survey and interview were performed on 150 households those live in 32Pyung-type($105m^2$) apartment in Seoul vicinity. Also actual housekeeping activities for 24 hours were video-taped for further motion analysis. Results of the study revealed that housewives complained the inconvenience and small size of storage space, and worksurface height as the most important problems to be considered for redesign. And they responded, if feasible, sitting is preferred over standing while they are working. After adapting a sit/stand chair in the kitchen, a physiological experiment measuring heart rate(HR) and oxygen consumption($VO_2$) as response variables was conducted to examine the effects of sit/stand chair in reducing physiological demand during housekeeping activities. The results showed that working on sit/stand chair reduced energy expenditures by maximum of 30% and 31.0% in terms of HR and $VO_2$, respectively. Also rearrangement of kitchen structure based on motion analysis showed that walking distance during daily housekeeping activities can be reduced by 5.5% on the average. Hence, it is concluded that adapting a sit/stand chair in the kitchen could reduce fatigue and occupational disorders of housewives from extended housekeeping activities.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.297-303
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• 2014

목 적 : Deep inspiration breath-hold(DIBH) 기법을 이용한 좌측 유방암의 방사선치료 중 환자의 호흡과 심장 위치의 변화에 대한 분석을 통해 DIBH 기법의 치료 재현성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 유방보존수술 후 DIBH 기법을 적용한 좌측 유방암 환자 3명을 대상으로 하였다. 전산화치료계획시스템(Eclipse version 10.0, Varian, USA)을 이용하여 자유호흡상태 Computed Tomography(CT)와 DIBH CT에서 동일한 전산화치료계획을 수립하여 심장의 체적과 선량을 비교하였고, RPM (Real-time Position Management) Respiratory Gating System (version 1.7.5, Varian, USA)의 데이터를 이용하여 환자의 호흡을 분석하였다. 치료 중 Electronic portal imaging device(EPID)를 이용한 Cine Acquisition 방법으로 영상을 획득하여 Varian 사의 Offline Review (ARIA 10, Varian, USA)에서 심장의 장축 거리를 측정하였다. 조사야 내 심장의 포함 정도를 비교 평가하기 위하여 동일한 3개(A, B, C)의 지점에서 길이 측정을 진행하였다. 결 과 : 자유호흡상태와 DIBH를 적용한 두 가지 전산화치료계획에서 심장평균선량 (6.82 vs 1.91 Gy), 심장의 V30 (68.57 vs $8.26cm^3$), V20(76.43 vs $11.34cm^3$)의 차이를 확인 할 수 있었다. 각 환자의 치료 중 DIBH 구간에서 호흡 진폭에 대한 표준편차의 평균값은 각각 ${\pm}0.07cm$, ${\pm}0.04cm$, ${\pm}0.13cm$로 분석되었다. 치료 중 획득한 영상에서 조사야 내에 포함되는 심장의 길이를 측정한 후 전산화치료계획에서의 심장의 길이와 비교한 결과 최대값은 0.32 cm, 최소값은 0.00 cm로 확인 되었다. 결 론 : 좌측 유방암 환자 치료 시 DIBH를 적용할 경우 심장에 들어가는 선량을 줄이기 위한 전산화치료계획을 수립하는데 용이할 뿐만 아니라, 실제 치료 중에도 심장의 위치에 대한 정확한 재현성과 심장 선량을 감소시킬 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 EPID의 Cine acquisition 방법은 치료 선량 외에 추가적인 선량 없이 DIBH의 재현성 평가를 위한 매우 효과적인 방법이라고 생각된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.530-538
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• 2007

Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a device to measure the magnetic field from the heart. It is a noninvasive device and takes only few minutes to record magnetocardiogram from a subject. In this study, we compared the difference of MCG data recorded from 56 normal subjects in early twenties (28 males and 28 females, mean $age=21.0{\pm}1.6$ years) and 36 elderly subjects (20 males and 16 females, mean $age=61.9{\pm}6.9$ years) for the analysis of the age and gender difference. A total of 24 parameters used in the analysis were derived from QRS complex, R-wave, T-wave, and ST-T period. As a result, seven parameters including maximum current angle and map angle showed the significant difference (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) between young males and young females. Significant difference (p<0.05) between elderly males and elderly females was found from a parameter, pole distance at T-wave peak. In the comparison of age difference, seven parameters regarding current moment, pole distance, and dynamics showed the significant difference between young and elderly males. Eight parameters also showed significant difference (p<0.05) between two younger and elderly female groups. Results showed that parameters regarding current moment, pole distance, and dynamics might be changed when people get older. In conclusion, gender and age difference should be considered when MCG data are analyzed for certain parameters.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2013

방사선 치료를 진행한 오른편 유방암 환자에 비해 왼편 유방암 환자의 방사선 치료 시 왼편 유방의 인접 주요 장기인 심장에 전달되는 선량에 의한 심장 질환의 발병 및 기타 질환의 발병으로 인한 높은 치사율과 관련된 예후가 보고되고 있다. 방사선 치료에서 computed tomography (CT) 영상을 획득 하는 방법 중 deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) 기법은 들숨 상태에서 일정 시간 동안 환자의 호흡을 정지시키고 영상을 획득 하는 방법으로 심장과 흉곽 사이의 거리가 최대가 되게 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 DIBH 영상 획득 기법을 활용하여 왼편 유방암 환자의 방사선 치료 시 DIBH 기법을 적용한 CT 영상을 토대로 심장과 왼편 유방까지의 거리 계산 및 심장에 전달되는 피해 선량을 정량화 함으로써 왼편 유방암 환자의 방사선 치료 시 DIBH 기법의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. Free breathing (FB)와 DIBH 기법을 적용한 여성 유방암 환자의 CT 영상을 각 10세트를 획득하고, 50 Gy를 28번으로 분할하여 처방하였으며, 쐐기 필터(wedge filter)를 이용한 대향 2문 접선 조사를 적용했다. 심장과 왼편 유방까지의 거리는 각 장기의 중심 좌표를 획득하고, 각 중심좌표 간의 거리를 계산하였다. DIBH 기법의 경우, 일반적인 FB 기법을 적용 했을 때보다 심장과 왼편 유방 사이의 거리가 평균 1.43 mm 증가하였으며, 통계적 유효성을 확인할 수 있었다. 심장에 전달된 피해 선량의 경우, 최대 선량 기준으로 크게는 3,555 cGy 가량 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 각 영상마다의 거리 및 심장의 피해 선량에 대한 정도의 차이는 있었지만, DIBH 기법을 적용하였을 경우, 심장과 왼편 유방까지의 거리의 증가 및 피해 선량 감소 등의 경향성을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 DIBH 기법은 기존 방사선 치료 과정 중 추가적인 시간 소모가 적고, 쉽게 적용할 수 있다는 장점이 있으며, 임상에서의 적용으로 여성 유방암 환자의 불필요한 심장 피해 선량 전달을 감소 시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.