• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.187-208
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• 2014

This study engages in the features of interaction in elementary school mathematics lessons as reflected in the class discourse. 28 pre-service teachers documented the discourse during observation of their tutor-teachers' lessons. Mapping the interaction patterns was performed by a unique graphic model developed for that purpose and enabled providing a spatial picture of the discourse conducted in the lesson. The research findings present the known discourse pattern "initiation-response-evaluation / feedback" (IRE/F) which is recurrent in all the lessons and the teacher's exclusive control over the class discourse patterns. Hence, the remaining time of the lesson for the pupils' discourse is short and meaningless.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.487-509
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze classroom discourse in the math classroom of middle school in China, which has a unique math classroom background of entrance examination for high school. To this end, this study analyzed teacher question statistics and episodes by teacher question type as starting speech in mathematics classroom discourse, and five IRF subtypes were especially identified by class discourse structure analysis. The data were analyzed focusing on a total of 15 transcripts of math classes recorded by three math teachers at H School in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China, and written interviews of teachers. According to the results of this study, an average of 20 teacher questions were observed for each class, and the teacher question type was classified into confirmation question (understanding confirmation question, explanation request question, and double check question) and information question (information presentation question). In addition, according to classroom discourse analysis, the IRF discourse structure was divided into fragmentary evaluation, evaluation+reason, evidence of explanation, evaluation+student response re-statement, guidance on other thoughts or solutions, and student answer correction or teacher opinion presentation.

• School Mathematics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-41
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• 2017

The purpose of this article was to a) identify how preservice teachers conceive feedbacks and subsequent classroom discourses, and b) compare them with those in reform-oriented mathematics classroom video for mathematics teachers' professional development about classroom discourse. This article analyzes feedback patterns and subsequent classroom discourses in preservice teachers' imaginary classroom scripts (lesson plays) and compares them with those in the reform-oriented classroom video dealing with the same teaching situation. Most of the preservice teachers' feedbacks focused the evaluation of students' responses and transmission of meaning (univocal function), whereas the teacher's feedback in the reform-oriented classroom allowed the whole class to validate or challenge the answers, thereby facilitating students' generation of meaning (dialogic function). The comparison analysis between the univocal discourse in a preservice teacher's lesson play and the dialogical discourse in the reform-oriented classroom video shows that teacher feedback serves as an important indicator for the main function of classroom discourse and the levels of students' cognitive participation, and also as a variable that determines and changes them. This case study suggests that to improve the quality of classroom discourse, preservice and in-service teachers need experience of perceiving the variety of feedback patterns available in specific teaching contexts and exploring ways to balance the univocal and dialogical functioning in their feedback move during the teacher training courses.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.523-545
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• 2010

Mathematical communication has been emphasized not only as the process of learning mathematics but also as the objective of mathematics education. However, little studies have been conducted with regard to what to consider and how to implement in the actual classroom for promoting mathematical communication. Given this background, this paper implemented a mathematics instruction in each of 2nd, 4th, and 6th grade classrooms in which specific learning objectives were considered to promote discourse-based mathematical communication. It then analyzed the degree by which such learning objectives were achieved and the linguistic interactions between the teacher and students in each classroom. This paper finally provided issues and suggestions for effective discourse-based instruction in mathematics classroom by analyzing similarities and differences among the three classrooms.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.465-494
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• 2017

Teachers' conceptions about teaching are important driving and also interfering forces which might affect their actual practice and training. This research explores preservice mathematics teachers' conceptions of teacher discourse, through tasks analyzing and evaluating teachers' moment-to-moment discourse moves which occur in authoritative and dialogical classroom discourse. Some facets of the preservice teachers' conceptions were congruent with dialogical discourse: they criticized teacher's one-way communication and ignoring students' voices; they supported teacher's questions probing students' thinking and receptive attitude to ward students' wrong answers. However, some deep and subtle facets of their conceptions were more congruent with authoritative discourse rather than dialogical discourse: they positively perceived teacher's closed, information seeking questions that funnel students' thinking to the predetermined procedure; they emotionally resisted teacher's questions which might facilitate dialogical engagement by allowing students to judge mathematical correctness of ideas from their peers. Preservice teachers' conceptions of teacher discourse explored in this research provide useful foundations on which to build continuous and coherent teacher professional development programs about classroom discourse.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.597-625
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• 2013

This study explored how teachers and students in different countries discursively interact to build 'Classroom Science Knowledge' (CSK) - the knowledge generated situatedly in the context of the science classroom. Data came from publicly released $8^{th}$ grade science classroom videos of five nations who participated in the Third TIMSS (Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study) video study. A total of ten video-recorded science lessons and their verbatim transcripts were selected and analyzed using a framework developed by the researchers of the study. It was revealed that a range of discourse modes were utilized and these modes were often sequentially connected to build CSK in the science classrooms. Although dominant discourse modes and their sequences varied among different lessons or different countries, the study identified three salient patterns of science classroom discourse: teacher-guided negotiation and the sequences of exploring - building on the shared and retrieving - elaborating. These patterns were found to be different from the discursive features commonly witnessed in the community of professional scientists and interpreted as implying the existence of unique epistemic cultures shared in science classrooms of different countries. Further studies are suggested to reveal detailed characteristics of these epistemic cultures of science classrooms, as well as to confirm whether any cultural traits inherently shape the differences in science classroom discourse among different nations.

• School Mathematics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.435-461
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• 2002

In this paper I attempt to survey on the theories of observation and analysis of mathematics classroom discourse. In order to discuss applicability of the theories I look at preservice teachers' observation of mathe-matics classroom and teachers' conception of mathematics lesson. In examining reports from preservice teachers' I identify how they understand mathematics lesson and how the theories can enhance their understanding. Not surprisingly, there are lots of obstacles for teachers to practice mathe-matics educational theories. 1 find some features of their efforts or attempts to overcome the obstacles in an attempt to gain insights into alternative ways of concep-tualizing the methods of observation and analysis through the interview and the discussion with teachers.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.163-192
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among mathematics teachers' beliefs, classroom norms and discourse, and equity issues in mathematics classrooms. In order to achieve this purpose, three teachers who work in the same school were analyzed. The analysis revealed that the participating teachers' beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning and about their students' abilities and motivation influenced the establishment of classroom norms and discourses that defined what students needed to do to be successful mathematics learners. Also, classroom norms and discourse affected the development of students' identity and power and the level of equity in the classroom.

• School Mathematics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.203-222
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• 2015

This study analyzed the classroom discourse between teacher and students based on the Mehan(1979a)'s theory to examine the characteristics of the classroom discourse between teacher and students in high school statistics class. The results of this study on the structure of class showed that the statistics class in this study adopted knowledge transmission-oriented teacher-led class in which the framework of introductiondevelopment- arrangement, which is Mehan's basic 3 stages, is clearly represented. The results of examining I-R-E sequence showed that $I_T-R_T$ structure, in which the teacher asks questions and the teacher talks about the answer, frequently appeared. And the statistics class in this study was monological class in which students hardly participated. Through these results of this study, it was found that teacher should form the statistical context, in which students can participate in discourse, and build discourse learning community and induce argumentational discourse through metaprocess elicitation.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2002

This study described an elementary teacher's practical knowledge of selecting and using mathematical tasks for promoting students' understanding and discourse. The informant of this ethnographic inquiry was a third grade teacher and has 10 years of teaching experience. According to the analysis of multiple data sources, this study showed that based on his beliefs about the development of understanding of mathematics and discourse, he continually employed two different types of tasks: open-ended tasks and tasks from students' mistakes and comments during discourse. Teachers' practical knowledge of teaching mathematics and the classroom norms for students' understanding and discourse are suggested to be given attention for further research on this area.