• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1303-1310
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Bunsimgieumgagam on the stress due to the maternal separation in rat. In this study, we researched in 'the behavioral observation', 'the changes of body weight', 'quantitative analysis of the number of BrdU-positive cells per section in dentate gyrus of hippocampus', 'free radical scavenging assay' and 'MTT-based cytotoxicity assay of SK-N-SH cell line', in order to figure out the effect on which Bunsimgieumgagam has the increase of neuron in dentate gyrus of hippocampus damaged by the stress due to the maternal separation. In the behavioral Observation, Bunsimgieumgagam was also efficacious against the decline of one's behavior and anorexia derived from the stress by the maternal separation. In the change of body weight, it showed that the Bunsimgieumgagam is effective in the recovery of weight loss caused by heavy stress(p<0.05). Also, Bunsimgieumgagam had an increasing effect, which is similar to a normal state, on DG's neuron in hippocampus (P<0.001). In free radical scavenging assay, Bunsimgieumgagam had a superior free radical scavenging effect. And it showed a significant result with the high cell proliferation effect in MTT-based cytotoxicity assay(P<0.01, p<0.001) This result suggest that Bunsimgieumgagam has an anti-stress effect and a proliferation effect of neuron in dentate gyrus of hippocampus, and it shows the potential of Bunsimgieumgagam in the treatment for the various disorders derived from children's stress.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.810-817
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to compare the behavioral response to full separation of cows and calves maintained together for 100 days or 24 h. Methods: Twelve Holstein-Friesian cow-calf pairs were enrolled into either treatment or industry groups (n = 6 cow-calf pairs/group). The treatment cows and calves were maintained on pasture together for 106±8.6 d and temporarily separated twice a day for milking. The Industry cows and their calves, were separated within 24 h postpartum. Triaxial accelerometer neck-mounted sensors were fitted to cows 3 weeks before separation to measure hourly rumination and activity. Before separation, cow and calf behavior was observed by scan sampling for 15 min. During the separation process, frequency of vocalizations and turn arounds were recorded. At separation, cows were moved to an observation pen where behavior was recorded for 3 d. A CCTV camera was used to record video footage of cows within the observation pens and behavior was documented from the videos in 15 min intervals across the 3 d. Results: Before separation, industry calves were more likely to be near their mother than Treatment calves. During the separation process, vocalization and turn around behavior was similar between groups. After full separation, treatment cows vocalized three times more than industry cows. However, the frequency of time spent close to barrier, standing, lying, walking, and eating were similar between industry and treatment cows. Treatment cows had greater rumination duration, and were more active, than industry cows. Conclusion: These findings suggest a similar behavioral response to full calf separation and greater occurrence of vocalizations, from cows maintained in a long-term, pasture-based, cow-calf rearing system when ompared to cows separated within 24 h. However, further work is required to assess the impact of full separation on calf behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2004

Objectives：The effects of repeated maternal separation on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in the hippocampus of rat pups at preweanling stage were evaluated. Methods：The experimental, Repeated Maternal Separation group(N=4) was separated from the mother for four hours a day over a period of ten days beginning with postnatal day 4. The Control group(N=4), on the other hand, did not separated from the mother at all. GR and COX-2 expression in the hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry on postnatal day 14. Results：It was determined that the number of GR-immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was significantly increased in the Repeated Maternal Separation group. The numbers of COX-2-immunopositive cells in the CA1 and CA3 were also significantly higher in the Repeated Maternal Separation group. Conclusion：These results suggest that maternal separation may be a significant developmental stress that induces GR and COX-2 expression in the hippocampus of developing pups.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.119-131
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• 1996

The relationship of maternal separation anxiety, availability of support system and child gender to initial preschool adjustment was examined. Data were collected on 72 middle-class Korean children(35 boys, 37 girls) between the ages of 31 months and 60 months who were entering preschool. Subjects were from intact families, all with non-working mothers. Mothers completed the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale(MSAS) and indicated the number of extended family members in the home as an index of social support. Classroom teachers completed the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ) for each child after the first 2 weeks and again after 6 weeks of school. Each child was observed by the research team during the first 2 weeks of school and again after the 6th-week using the Child Observation System (COS). Applying the COS observed behavior was classified as being in the dependent, neutral, or active mode. All instruments were culturally relevant as validated by Korean experts. Maternal Separation Anxiety was a significant predictor for girls only, accounting for 11% of initial COS variance (p=＜.05). In contrast, social support was a significant predictor for boys only, accounting for 28% of initial PBQ variance when entered after MSAS(p=.005). A significant difference between initial and 6th-week adjustment was obtained in the expected direction on the COS with behavior improving with time (t=-4.06, p=.001). Although a significant difference between initial and 6th-week PBQ adjustment was also obtained (t=-3.63, p=.001), it was not in the direction expected, problematic behavior were found to increase with time. Cultural and developmental factors help explain the findings. Given the patrilineal social system in Korea, boys are highly preferred over girls. Thus the at-home support system, comprised primarily of grandparents, may have a significant influence on school adjustment particularly of first-born sons. In contrast, since girls are viewed as fragile and vulnerable, mothers may express greater separation anxiety about girls. Finally, as would be expected, older children may be able to develop coping skills more readily than younger ones, as child adjustment on the COS significanlty improved over the 6-week period.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.153-171
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• 2002

This research addressed the issue of how mothers' representations of attachment are transmitted to children, focusing on post-infancy attachment and on maternal stress as a mediator between mother's attachment style and child attachment security. Fifty-three mother-child dyads participated in a lab visit when the children were 30 months (T1) and 49 months (T2) of age. The Attachment Style Questionnaire and the Parental Stress Inventory were used to measure mothers' characteristics; the Separation-Reunion procedure and classification at T1 and the Attachment Q-set at T2 were used to measure children's attachment security. The models were analyzed by Analysis of Moment Structure Equation. Results confirmed evidence that no direct pathway exists between maternal attachment style and child attachment security : at T1 child attachment security formation was related to maternal stress, but there was no such relationship at T2.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.65-78
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• 2008

This study examined whether parental psychological control influences adolescents' depressive feelings through personality features of dependency and self-criticism. Participants were 315 high school students (M=16 years) who completed questionnaires tapping two types of parental psychological control and student personality and depressive symptoms. Both girls and boys perceived equal levels of maternal and paternal separation-anxious psychological control. Boys perceived higher achievement- oriented psychological control of fathers than mothers; girls perceived equal levels of maternal and paternal achievement-oriented control. Structural relations between types of psychological control, personality features, and depressive symptoms were equivalent for both mothers and fathers and for both boys and girls. Results confirmed that separation-anxious and achievement-oriented control have negative effects on adolescents' adjustment through differential pathways; dependency and self-criticism, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.247-263
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• 2006

Recruited from Korean-Chinese elementary schools in Shenyang and Harbin, China, 100 children living apart from their parents and experiencing non-maternal care provided information about the separation (reason and duration of parent-child separation, present location of parents, etc.), their adjustment to separation, and their perception of attachment with their caregivers. Results showed that although the separated children adjusted positively to parent-child separation in general, over 55% of them reported loneliness. Attachment with caregiver was the most significant influential variable on children's behavior problems. Duration of separation from father was related to children's hostility/aggression and hyperactivity/attention deficit problem, while duration of separation from mother influenced children's anxiety.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of acupuncture at HT7 (Shinmun) on the feeding behavior and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y(NPY) expression in the maternally separated rat pups. Methods: To show the effect of acupuncture, we performed maternal separation(MS) for 7 days beginning on postnatal day 14, and observed body weight, food intake, and NPY immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus after acupuncturing at HT7, the end of the transverse crease of the ulnar wrist of the forepaw. Results: MS induced a significant decreases in body weight and food intake, while acupuncture treatment at acupoint HT7 showed much more improvement in those evaluations. NPY-immunoreactivity in area PVN were decreased in the MS group, but significantly increased in the HT7 group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that acupuncture has an effect on the feeding disorders caused by MS, possibly by modulating NPY expression in the PVN.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2006

Objectives : Alteration of hippocampus was demonstrated in the maternal social separation(MSS) pups, separated from dams on postnatal day(pnd) 14 and placed alone. Therefore, to understand the molecular events involved in the MSS, we have initiated a search for gene profiles that are up or down-regulated in the hippocampus of MSS pups. Methods : Analysis of cDNA microarray was performed by using total RNA extracted from the hippocampus of control and MSS pups on pnd 17. Also, passive-avoidance test was demonstrated on pnd 35. Results : Up-regulation of Nedd4a was observed in the hippocampus of MSS pups. Also, MSS rats showed less elongation of latency in passive avoidance test. Conclusion : We suggest that environmental effects of MSS may be altered the neural and/or glial differentiation and synapse formation-related genes which may lead cognitive alterations in MSS rats.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.71-84
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyse how the separation anxiety of mothers and children influences on the children's peer competence through mother's overprotection. The subjects of this study were 302 children and their mothers, three to five years old who attended at educare centers and kindergartens which were located in Cheongju city and Daejeon city. The results of this research were as follows: First, there were differences in the separation anxiety of mothers and children, maternal overprotective behavior, and children's peer competence according to the social demographic backgrounds. Second, the separation anxiety of mothers and children influenced on mother's sheltering behavior and babying behavior. Third, mothers' sheltering behavior mediated the relationship between mothers' and children's separation anxiety and children's prosocial behavior. It also appeared that mothers' babying behavior mediated the relationship between the separation anxiety of mothers and children and children's initiative.