• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1303-1310
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Bunsimgieumgagam on the stress due to the maternal separation in rat. In this study, we researched in 'the behavioral observation', 'the changes of body weight', 'quantitative analysis of the number of BrdU-positive cells per section in dentate gyrus of hippocampus', 'free radical scavenging assay' and 'MTT-based cytotoxicity assay of SK-N-SH cell line', in order to figure out the effect on which Bunsimgieumgagam has the increase of neuron in dentate gyrus of hippocampus damaged by the stress due to the maternal separation. In the behavioral Observation, Bunsimgieumgagam was also efficacious against the decline of one's behavior and anorexia derived from the stress by the maternal separation. In the change of body weight, it showed that the Bunsimgieumgagam is effective in the recovery of weight loss caused by heavy stress(p<0.05). Also, Bunsimgieumgagam had an increasing effect, which is similar to a normal state, on DG's neuron in hippocampus (P<0.001). In free radical scavenging assay, Bunsimgieumgagam had a superior free radical scavenging effect. And it showed a significant result with the high cell proliferation effect in MTT-based cytotoxicity assay(P<0.01, p<0.001) This result suggest that Bunsimgieumgagam has an anti-stress effect and a proliferation effect of neuron in dentate gyrus of hippocampus, and it shows the potential of Bunsimgieumgagam in the treatment for the various disorders derived from children's stress.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.810-817
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to compare the behavioral response to full separation of cows and calves maintained together for 100 days or 24 h. Methods: Twelve Holstein-Friesian cow-calf pairs were enrolled into either treatment or industry groups (n = 6 cow-calf pairs/group). The treatment cows and calves were maintained on pasture together for 106±8.6 d and temporarily separated twice a day for milking. The Industry cows and their calves, were separated within 24 h postpartum. Triaxial accelerometer neck-mounted sensors were fitted to cows 3 weeks before separation to measure hourly rumination and activity. Before separation, cow and calf behavior was observed by scan sampling for 15 min. During the separation process, frequency of vocalizations and turn arounds were recorded. At separation, cows were moved to an observation pen where behavior was recorded for 3 d. A CCTV camera was used to record video footage of cows within the observation pens and behavior was documented from the videos in 15 min intervals across the 3 d. Results: Before separation, industry calves were more likely to be near their mother than Treatment calves. During the separation process, vocalization and turn around behavior was similar between groups. After full separation, treatment cows vocalized three times more than industry cows. However, the frequency of time spent close to barrier, standing, lying, walking, and eating were similar between industry and treatment cows. Treatment cows had greater rumination duration, and were more active, than industry cows. Conclusion: These findings suggest a similar behavioral response to full calf separation and greater occurrence of vocalizations, from cows maintained in a long-term, pasture-based, cow-calf rearing system when ompared to cows separated within 24 h. However, further work is required to assess the impact of full separation on calf behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2004

목 적：발달 초기에 영아에서 모성의 결핍이나 박탈은 영아가 경험할 수 있는 스트레스의 극심한 형태로서 이는 뇌의 신경생화학적인 변화를 비롯해 신체적, 생리적인 기능에 변화를 초래하며, 성장하면서 감정, 행동, 인지, 사회화에 어려움을 유발한다. Glucocorticoid는 스트레스의 신경내분비학적인 매개물질이며, COX-2 는 신경전달이나 신경 가소성, 특히 신경세포의 소멸과 퇴행에 관여하며, 스트레스나 염증반응에 의해 유도되는 뇌기능의 조절인자로 주목받고 있다. 또한 glucocorticoid는 COX-2를 조절하는 작용을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 젖을 떼기 이전의 어린 흰쥐를 대상으로, 반복해서 모성을 박탈시켜 대뇌 해마에서 COX-2와 GR의 발현정도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법：동일한 배(胚)에서 출생한 8마리의 Sprague-Dawley 백서 중 4마리는 대조군으로 어미와 함께 사육하고, 4마리는 실험군으로 생후 4일째부터 10일간 하루 4시간씩 어미와 분리하여 사육하였다. 사육 14일째에 뇌조직을 얻어 고정 후 COX-2와 GR에 대한 면역조직화학법을 시행하였다. 각 군에서 해마부위에 발현된 COX-2와 GR의 면역반응된 세포수를 비교하였다. 결 과：GR은 면역반응된 세포수가 DG(대조군 $785.75{\pm}65.11$, 실험군 $1183.63{\pm}111.00$)에서 현저히 증가되었다. COX-2의 면역반응된 세포수는 CA1(대조군 $32.25{\pm}2.85$, 실험군 $81.75{\pm}12.05$), CA3(대조군 $27.25{\pm}3.48$, 실험군 $41.62{\pm}3.36$)에서 대조군에 비해 실험군에서 유의하게 발현이 증가되었으며, DG(대조군 $104.38{\pm}11.98$, 실험군 $167.25{\pm}22.72$)에서는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 실험군에서 현저히 증가한 소견을 보였다. 결 론：이러한 결과는 어린시절 발달과정에서 경험하는 스트레스가 대뇌에서 COX-2와 GR을 유도하며, 이들이 스트레스 후에 일어나는 신경세포기능의 변화를 매개할 가능성이 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 특히 DG에서 GR과 COX-2가 모두 증가된 것으로 보아, 특히 DG가 스트레스 후 뇌세포의 변화에 주요 부위인 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.119-131
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• 1996

The relationship of maternal separation anxiety, availability of support system and child gender to initial preschool adjustment was examined. Data were collected on 72 middle-class Korean children(35 boys, 37 girls) between the ages of 31 months and 60 months who were entering preschool. Subjects were from intact families, all with non-working mothers. Mothers completed the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale(MSAS) and indicated the number of extended family members in the home as an index of social support. Classroom teachers completed the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ) for each child after the first 2 weeks and again after 6 weeks of school. Each child was observed by the research team during the first 2 weeks of school and again after the 6th-week using the Child Observation System (COS). Applying the COS observed behavior was classified as being in the dependent, neutral, or active mode. All instruments were culturally relevant as validated by Korean experts. Maternal Separation Anxiety was a significant predictor for girls only, accounting for 11% of initial COS variance (p=＜.05). In contrast, social support was a significant predictor for boys only, accounting for 28% of initial PBQ variance when entered after MSAS(p=.005). A significant difference between initial and 6th-week adjustment was obtained in the expected direction on the COS with behavior improving with time (t=-4.06, p=.001). Although a significant difference between initial and 6th-week PBQ adjustment was also obtained (t=-3.63, p=.001), it was not in the direction expected, problematic behavior were found to increase with time. Cultural and developmental factors help explain the findings. Given the patrilineal social system in Korea, boys are highly preferred over girls. Thus the at-home support system, comprised primarily of grandparents, may have a significant influence on school adjustment particularly of first-born sons. In contrast, since girls are viewed as fragile and vulnerable, mothers may express greater separation anxiety about girls. Finally, as would be expected, older children may be able to develop coping skills more readily than younger ones, as child adjustment on the COS significanlty improved over the 6-week period.

• 아동학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.153-171
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• 2002

영아기의 애착형성이 어머니의 특성에 따른 상호작용에 의해 안정애착 혹은 불안정 애착으로 발달된다는 이론이 널리 알려지면서 불안정 애착에 대한 예방과 치료중재의 필요성이 고취되어졌음에도 불구하고, 가장 결정적인 문제인 어머니의 어떤 특성들이 아동의 불안정애착 형성에 직접적인 영향을 미치는가에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 어머니와 아동간의 세대간 애착순환을 재검증함과 동시에 어머니의 양육스트레스가 어머니-아동 불안정 애착전이를 예방 및 중재시킬 수 있는 매개변인이 되는지를 검증하고자 한다. 영아기 이후의 애착형성에 대한 이해를 확장시키기 위한 시도에서, 30개월에 달한 아동과 어머니 53쌍이 조사 관찰되어졌고, 이는 아동발달의 관점에서 이 아동들이 49개월에 달했을 때 다시 조사 관찰되어졌다. 아동양육과 관련된 어머니 특성들을 측정하기 위하여 the Attachment Style Questionnaire와 the Parental Stress Inventory를 사용하였고, 아동애착안정성을 측정하기 위하여 the Separation-Reunion Classifications (1차)와 the Attachment Q-set (2차)이 사용되어졌으며, 이를 분석하기 위해 Amos structural equation 통계분석법이 사용되었다. 이에 따른 본 연구결과는, 아동애착안정성은 어머니 애착유형과 유의미하게 관련되어 있다는 것을 증명하였고, 단 이러한 관계는 어머니 스트레스 형태를 통하여 전달 형성된다는 것을 입증하였다. 더욱이 본 연구는 어머니-아동 애착 형성의 순환에 있어서 직접적인 경로가 없다는 것을 밝혀 줌으로서, 세대간 불안정애착 유형 순환 붕괴의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.247-263
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• 2006

Recruited from Korean-Chinese elementary schools in Shenyang and Harbin, China, 100 children living apart from their parents and experiencing non-maternal care provided information about the separation (reason and duration of parent-child separation, present location of parents, etc.), their adjustment to separation, and their perception of attachment with their caregivers. Results showed that although the separated children adjusted positively to parent-child separation in general, over 55% of them reported loneliness. Attachment with caregiver was the most significant influential variable on children's behavior problems. Duration of separation from father was related to children's hostility/aggression and hyperactivity/attention deficit problem, while duration of separation from mother influenced children's anxiety.

• 아동학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.65-78
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• 2008

This study examined whether parental psychological control influences adolescents' depressive feelings through personality features of dependency and self-criticism. Participants were 315 high school students (M=16 years) who completed questionnaires tapping two types of parental psychological control and student personality and depressive symptoms. Both girls and boys perceived equal levels of maternal and paternal separation-anxious psychological control. Boys perceived higher achievement- oriented psychological control of fathers than mothers; girls perceived equal levels of maternal and paternal achievement-oriented control. Structural relations between types of psychological control, personality features, and depressive symptoms were equivalent for both mothers and fathers and for both boys and girls. Results confirmed that separation-anxious and achievement-oriented control have negative effects on adolescents' adjustment through differential pathways; dependency and self-criticism, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of acupuncture at HT7 (Shinmun) on the feeding behavior and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y(NPY) expression in the maternally separated rat pups. Methods: To show the effect of acupuncture, we performed maternal separation(MS) for 7 days beginning on postnatal day 14, and observed body weight, food intake, and NPY immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus after acupuncturing at HT7, the end of the transverse crease of the ulnar wrist of the forepaw. Results: MS induced a significant decreases in body weight and food intake, while acupuncture treatment at acupoint HT7 showed much more improvement in those evaluations. NPY-immunoreactivity in area PVN were decreased in the MS group, but significantly increased in the HT7 group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that acupuncture has an effect on the feeding disorders caused by MS, possibly by modulating NPY expression in the PVN.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2006

Objectives : Alteration of hippocampus was demonstrated in the maternal social separation(MSS) pups, separated from dams on postnatal day(pnd) 14 and placed alone. Therefore, to understand the molecular events involved in the MSS, we have initiated a search for gene profiles that are up or down-regulated in the hippocampus of MSS pups. Methods : Analysis of cDNA microarray was performed by using total RNA extracted from the hippocampus of control and MSS pups on pnd 17. Also, passive-avoidance test was demonstrated on pnd 35. Results : Up-regulation of Nedd4a was observed in the hippocampus of MSS pups. Also, MSS rats showed less elongation of latency in passive avoidance test. Conclusion : We suggest that environmental effects of MSS may be altered the neural and/or glial differentiation and synapse formation-related genes which may lead cognitive alterations in MSS rats.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyse how the separation anxiety of mothers and children influences on the children's peer competence through mother's overprotection. The subjects of this study were 302 children and their mothers, three to five years old who attended at educare centers and kindergartens which were located in Cheongju city and Daejeon city. The results of this research were as follows: First, there were differences in the separation anxiety of mothers and children, maternal overprotective behavior, and children's peer competence according to the social demographic backgrounds. Second, the separation anxiety of mothers and children influenced on mother's sheltering behavior and babying behavior. Third, mothers' sheltering behavior mediated the relationship between mothers' and children's separation anxiety and children's prosocial behavior. It also appeared that mothers' babying behavior mediated the relationship between the separation anxiety of mothers and children and children's initiative.