• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.85-101
• /
• 2011

This study investigated both the direct and indirect influences of marital conflict on child abuse by exploring the pathways between marital conflict, maternal anger, and child maltreatment. A total of 344 mothers with 3-year-old children responded to questionnaires, which including items on marital conflict/violence, maternal anger, and child maltreatment. The data thus collected were analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that maternal anger partially mediated the association between marital conflict and child maltreatment. In more concrete terms, the direct and indirect effects of marital conflict on child maltreatment were a little greater than the direct effect of maternal anger on child maltreatment. The effects of marital conflict on maternal anger was the greatest among all associations between the research variables included in this study. The findings of this study have a number of implications for research and practice, which highlights the important considerations that both cultivating positive marital relationships and regulating maternal anger should be emphasized in prevention and intervention programs for child maltreatment.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.67-81
• /
• 2013

This study examined the relations among toddlers' temperament, maternal parenting, and toddlers' social withdrawal and aggression. One hundred and two mothers of two-year-old children (49 boys and 53 girls) completed questionnaires and Q-sort. Data were analyzed by correlation analyses and regression analyses. First, toddlers' pleasure was negatively related to social withdrawal, while social fearfulness was positively related to social withdrawal. Also, toddlers' activity level and anger proneness were positively related to aggression. Second, the encouragement of independence in maternal parenting was negatively linked to toddlers' social withdrawal, and maternal rejection was positively linked to toddlers' aggression. Third, toddlers' pleasure and interest/persistence were positively associated with mothers' encouragement of independence, and toddlers' activity level and anger proneness were positively associated with mothers' rejection. Finally, mothers' encouragement of independence acted as a mediator between toddlers' pleasure and social withdrawal. Also, toddlers' activity level and anger proneness influenced aggression through maternal rejection. These results indicate that toddlers' temperament and maternal parenting play crucial roles in the development of toddlers' maladaptive behaviors such as social withdrawal and aggression.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.37-47
• /
• 2013

Objectives: A descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of anger to psychosomatic symptoms. In addition, this study investigated the mediating effect of parental attachment in relation to anger and other variable. Methods: Data were collected from 112 subjects in grade 4 or 6, and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and hierachical multiple regression were used with SPSS/PC 18.0 program to analyze the data. Results: There was a significantly positive effects between state-trait anger and psychosomatic symptoms. Father attachment negatively correlated state-trait anger and psychosomatic symptoms. Also, mother attachment negatively correlated state anger and psychosomatic symptoms. However, maternal attachment was not significantly associated with trait anger. Parental attachment had a significant mediating effect in relation to state-trait anger and psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusions: For the effective management of multi-cultural children's psychosomatic symptoms, programs including parental attachment increasing strategies should be established. These programs can increase parental attachment security which is mediator role between anger and psychosomatic symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.173-187
• /
• 2005

This study examined relations between infants' strategies for emotional regulation and maternal responsiveness. Fifty 24-month-olds were observed for six kinds of emotional regulation strategy during four negative emotion-eliciting tasks; their mothers were observed for five styles of maternal responsiveness during toy-centered free play. Infants used different strategies according to the kinds of negative emotioneliciting tasks; their strategies correlated with maternal responsive styles. In the anger-eliciting tasks, infants used "distraction" and "self soothing." In the fear-eliciting tasks, they used "avoidance" and "problem solving." Infants who received more negative feedback from their mothers used the "irritation" strategy. Infants who got received more positive feedback from their mother used the "getting reference" strategy.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.151-177
• /
• 2013

The present study employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of a 16-week parent education program based on Respected Parents & Respected Children(RPRC). 124 mothers were assigned to two groups, an intervention (n = 62) group and a waiting (n = 62) group. Mothers in the intervention group participated in the program. After termination of the preventive intervention, differences between pre- and post-tests were examined in maternal characteristics (i.e., depression and anger, maltreatment and general parenting behavior, and parenting efficacy and stress) and preschoolers' aggression. The results indicated that mothers in the intervention group had greater reductions in self-reported negative characteristics. Mothers in the waiting group also reported significant decreases in anger, physical assault and permissiveness/neglect. There was no significant reduction in levels of aggression in the preschoolers. These findings support the argument that a parent education program based on RPRC can be very effective, especially in changing maternal characteristics positively that are crucial to child outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.251-262
• /
• 2017

Objective: This study analyzed mother-child interactions in a stressful situation each second by mother's emotional regulation level. Methods: The study was conducted with 16 mothers and their 5-year-old children playing a teaching task for 15 min. During the interactions, the participants were videotaped and examined. Furthermore, qualitative analysis was used for analyzing mother-child interactions in detail by creating a situation that maximizes the stress and frustration of the mother and child. Results: The results showed that maternal humor and affection were significantly related to child positive emotion and that maternal coaching closely correlated with the child pride, pleasure, and whining. Additionally, maternal intrusive behavior showed a positive correlation with child anger. Lastly, mothers with higher levels of emotional regulation more often expressed affection to their children. They were more actively involved in the tasks and used fewer positive or negative directive expressions. Therefore, children of this group expressed more positive emotions. Conclusion: These findings suggests that programs improving parental emotional reaction and emotion regulation should be developed.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.14-28
• /
• 2014

Purpose: This study was to identify relationships of maternal psychosocial factors including mother's mood state, childcare stress, social support and sleep satisfaction with breastfeeding adaptation and immune substances in breast milk, especially secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-${\beta}2$). Methods: Data were collected from 84 mothers who delivered full-term infants by natural childbirth. Structured questionnaires and breast milk were collected at 2~4 days and 6 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results: Scores for the breastfeeding adaptation scale were significantly related with child care stress, mood state and social support. Mother's anger was positively correlated with the level of sIgA in colostrum (p<.01). Immune substances of breastmilk was significantly influenced by time for milk collection (p<.001) and the type of breastfeeding (sIgA, p<.001, TGF-${\beta}2$, p=.003). Regression analysis showed that breastfeeding adaptation could be explained 59.1% by the type of breastfeeding, childcare stress, the Profile of Mood States, emotional support and sleep quality (F=16.67, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings from this study provide important concepts of breastfeeding adaptation program and explanation of psychosocial factors by immune substances in breast milk. Future research, specially, bio-maker research on breast milk should focus on the ways to improve breastfeeding adaptation.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
• /
• v.55 no.4
• /
• pp.641-659
• /
• 2009

Since Plath killed herself in 1963, the theme of death has become one of the central motifs and allusions in her work. The biographical emphasis continues to blur the boundary between the artistic world and the material world. While approaching Plath's work from the perspective of personal experience, the objective of this paper is not to suggest that we encounter Plath's personal voice and emotions directly in her work. Rather, I emphasize how Plath's work of mourning is substantiated in the act of writing. Plath protects herself from the unnamable or the existential void by writing poems. She shows the way in which art or writing enables the subject to confront traumatic memory. While the death drive propels Plath towards destruction, artistic formation serves to alleviate her psychic crisis. What I shall suggest in the paper is how works of art lead the melancholic subject to challenge traumatic events. Plath herself suggests the therapeutic power of language. Plath's hostility toward women as well as men situates her work nearer to the Kristevan psychoanalytic theory which examines depressive anxieties intrinsically linked to the loss of maternal objects. Kristeva's particular focus on the concept of "death-bearing mother" or the unnamable offers a fruitful reading of the representation of infantile fantasies, sexuality, anger, and ambivalence toward lost loved object which clearly dominates most of Plath's poems. Kristeva elaborates mourning and melancholia through the framework of signification and it is of especial relevance in deciphering the recurring death drive and melancholic rage in Plath's work. Melancholic subjects in Plath's work are characterized by an amorphous state, occupying a borderline state regulated by the death drive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.544-556
• /
• 2011

This study investigated how elementary schoolers (n=159, 9~11 years) and middle schoolers (n=176, 13~15 years) perceived maternal parenting style dimensions, both general and child-feeding related, and whether these dimensions are associated with the subject's food behaviors. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a solution of 10 parenting dimensions (reasonable guidance, affection and involvement, achievement expectation, clear behavioral regulation, criticism and anger, overprotection, psychological punishment, harsh punishment, punish by withdrawal of child's privileges, and lack of punishment) and 8 child-feeding dimensions (portion control, restriction, pressure to eat, monitor, undesirable model, desirable model, discourage unhealthful eating, and encourage healthful eating) with 49 and 43 items, respectively. Three parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative, were extracted via a second factor analysis using the 10 parenting dimensions. The correlation analysis indicated that authoritarian style was positively correlated with 'restriction' and 'undesirable model', while permissive style was negatively correlated with 'encourage healthful eating' in both groups. Authoritative style was strongly associated with all of the child-feeding dimensions except for 'undesirable model'. For food behaviors, the more likely elementary schoolers and middle schoolers perceived their mothers as authoritarian and permissive, respectively, the more unhealthful foods were consumed. The consumption frequency of healthful foods increased as mothers were perceived to be authoritative. More elementary schoolers of authoritative mothers ate meals with parents. Findings suggest that maternal parenting styles and dimensions, child-feeding dimensions, and child's food behaviors are associated. It may be that authoritarian and permissive styles are more detrimental for elementary schoolers and middle schoolers, respectively, whereas authoritative style is beneficial for both groups in terms of subject's food behaviors.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.127-145
• /
• 2000

The objectives of this study are to identify health behaviors and health problems. and the relations between health behaviors and health problems of female workers in the retail business. The number of subjects were 200 female workers of 6 department stores in Seoul and Kyonggi area, whose jobs last more than 6 months as retail employees. The data was collected during 2 months from July 1 to August 30, 1998. The Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire(CMI) was used to measure their health problems, while health behaViorn were investigated in terms of 'smoking', 'alcohol', exercise', 'diet', and 'sleeping'. The data were analyzed with frequency. percentage, t-test, ANOVA test, and $X^2-test$ by SPSS PC+ program. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Out of health problems. Digestive symptoms occupied the highest percent number. nervous ones the second and cardiovascular ones the third among physical health problems of retail female workers. The most frequent mental health problem was 'adequacy' and the next, 'tension' and 'anger', 2, Health problems according to general characteristics of subjects were shown that the younger or the unmarried complained more than the older or the married, especially in the items of 'eye and ear', 'respiratory system', 'cardiovascular system', 'digestive tract', 'nervous system', 'adequacy', and 'depression'. The longer working duration they have had, the more they complained of 'respiratory system' and 'adequacy'. The lower academic careers complained of 'nervous' than the higher ones with statistical significance. 3. The analysis of daily health clinic notes showed that respiratory complaints were the highest percent, successively followed by digestive tract, nervous one, external injury, musculoskeletal system, urinary-reproductive system and others. 4. The level of their health practice was generally low in smoking, diet habit and alcohol intake, exercise, sleeping, very low especially in smoking, diet, alcohol intake, and exercise among them all. 5. Present smokers and ones with past experience complained of physical and mental health problems of 'respiratory system', 'digestive tract', 'skin', 'nervous', 'urinary-reproductive system', 'fatigability', adequacy', 'depression', 'anxiety', 'anger' and 'tension', than non smokers, with statistical difference. Workers without having breakfast and with irregular diet had more complaints on 'digestive tract', 'adequacy' and 'tension', than those who had regular dietary habit. The less the subjects slept, the more they complained of eye and ear, cardiovascular system. The subjects who drank alcohol complained more digestive problem. However, whether they exercise or not did not affect physical and mental health problems in a significant manner. 6. The subjects' age and marital status were statistically significant relating to health behaviors, as the younger or unmarried recorded a low level of health practice in smoking, drinking, dietary habit. Based on the results, the suggestions are made as follows: 1. Health education program on smoking, alcohol intake, diet habit is needed to improve health problems and health behavior of female retail workers. 2. The unmarried workers of late teen and twenties, who are transitional period from teenagers to adulthood are important targets for health promotion program especially for maternal health. 3. Better working environment with sufficient time and facilities for workers to relax is required to promote female sales workers' health. 4. Further research is required to identify the relation between workers' visual fatigue and intense lights for the display of goods.