• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.19-36
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• 1992

The purpose of this paper is to analyze empirically the tendency of household consumption expenditure according to the change of social and economical condition, and the factor which influences consumption expenditure of urban household. The data used in analysis are time-series. The data are statistic form Urban Household Economy Survey published by the Economic Planning Board, dating form the first quarter of 1970 to the fourth quarter of 1989. The income of household and consumption expenditure materials were deflated as consumer price index to exclude the influence of prices and the influence of household composition are considered to deflated as the size of the household under assumption of homogeneity. The consumption expenditure items were categorized to 12 relatively large range items. The time-series data were analyzed by using the Two Stage Least Squares and the Ordinary Least Squares. The following is the result of analysis. 1) Rather than the income increase of previous years. the average income increase for two years influences more significantly on consumption expenditure of household. In the case of influence on consumption expenditure for each item by increase in disposable income, such categories as furniture and utensils. clothing and footwear, housing, medical care, culture and recreation, and transportation and communication have significant influence. 2) Among consumption expenditure categories, the increasing factors were furniture and utensils, and clothing and footwear. And the decreasing factors were housing, medical care, culture and recreation ,and transportation and communication. The relative prices, however, had significant influence on categories such as housing, furniture and utensils, medical care , culture and recreation, and transportation and communication and all of them were the decreation factors. 3) Among with changes of social and economical conditions, miscellaneous showed the highest increase in marginal propensity to consume and foods was the lowest. Also culture and recreation and housing brought up a great change of the income elasticity of demand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2019

Since 2020, according to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) amended in 2016, each Administration shall transfer the annual fuel consumption of its registered ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) after verifying them. The Administration needs stacks of materials, which must not be manipulated by ship companies, including the Engine log book and also bears an administrative burden to verify them by May every year. This study considers using the Automatic Identification System (AIS), mandatory navigational equipment, as an objective and efficient tool among several verification methods. Calculating fuel consumption using a ship's speed in AIS information based on the theory of a relationship between ship speed and fuel consumption was reported in several examples of relevant literature. After pre-filtering by excluding AIS records which had speed errors from the raw data of five domestic cargo vessels, fuel consumptions calculated using Excel software were compared to actual bunker consumptions presented by ship companies. The former consumptions ranged from 96 to 123 percent of the actual bunker consumptions. The difference between two consumptions could be narrowed to within 20 percent if the fuel consumptions for boilers were deducted from the actual bunker consumption. Although further study should be carried out for more accurate calculation methods depending on the burning efficiency of the engine, the propulsion efficiency of the ship, displacement and sea conditions, this method of calculating annual fuel consumption according to the difference between two consumptions is considered to be one of the most useful tools to verify bunker consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of carrying postures and weight of load carried one time on a worker when carrying heavy loads. Six male students participated in this study to perform a manual materials carrying task as subjects. To make comparison of work loads with physical work capacity, maximal oxygen uptake measurement tests were performed with submaximal test. The average oxygen consumption for the tasks of this study was 27.59~31.93% $VO_2$max. The results showed that the weight of load carried one time affects on working heart rate and oxygen consumption($VO_2$). It was found that the workload was significantly lower when handling a 20kg load at a frequency rate of 3times/min than when handling a 40kg load at a frequency rate of 1.5 times/min. There was no difference between carrying postures. It is concluded from the results of this study that the workload can be reduced by controlling conditions of a manual materials handling task.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.173-176
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• 2005

A new $MoO_3$ based microsensor with low power consumption was presented. Typical size of sensor was 5mm in width and 8mm in length. As a sensitive electrode, $MoO_3$ was successfully fabricated by IC technology on pyrex glass of $250{\mu}m$ in thickness. After annealing at $550^{\circ}C$ for 3hrs, the film was fully crystallized and demonstrated as pure $MoO_3$ structure. The grain size of $MoO_3$ was plat like and typical size was about $1{\mu}m$. Based on the results of sensitivity measurement, $MoO_3$ microsensor shows especially high selectivity to $H_2$ reducing gas atmosphere. The applied heater power was lower than 0.5 Watt.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.30-32
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• 2014

3D printing technology polymeric material or plastic and metallic powder to suit the drafting of additive manufacturing would gradually products soars. 3D printing technologyapplication of a wide variety of industrial sectors. 3D printing technology enables raw materials consumption is less, the supply chain are shorter depending on the load and reduce the use of fossil fuels.Emergence of 3D printing technology so called the third industrial revolution in ICT market, quickly spread worldwide.In the future, 3D printing technology is simply beyond bio-technology, Nano-engineering, the manufacture of the product, incorporating a variety of technologies to improve the quality of life of human beings have played an important role will be.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.875-878
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• 1999

A new concept ？？soft solution processing？？ has been introduced to fabricate advanced solid state materials in an economical, environmentally friendly, and energy and material efficient way. The prepared films show the desired and prospective properties despite of low temperature synthesis and no post-synthesis annealing. Successful examples demonstrate that soft solution processing is capable of preparing advanced materials with planned properties through the easy control of reaction conditions in a suitable aqueous solution in a single synthetic step without huge energy consumption and without any sophisticated equipment.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.55-75
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the emphasis of the 2007 curriculum revision is reflected on the units of 'Adolescence Self-Management' and 'Adolescence Consumption life' in the Technology·Home Economics textbooks that are used in middle school from this year. The entry style of large, middle, and small units, the objectives statements, the main contents, the activities, illustrations/tables/pictures, the supplemental materials, and the ending style of middle and large units of 12 Technology·Home Economics textbooks were analyzed. Among the several specific emphasis in the 2007 curriculum revision, 3 major emphasis were selected. The 3 major emphasis that were selected were: practical reasoning process, sustainable consumption life, and career education. How these 3 emphasis were reflected in the various parts of the 12 textbooks were analyzed using the criteria found in the literature. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the emphasis of the 2007 curriculum revision is reflected on the units of 'Adolescence Self-Management' and 'Adolescence Consumption life' in the Technology·Home Economics textbooks that are used in middle school from this year. The entry style of large, middle, and small units, the objectives statements, the main contents, the activities, illustrations/tables/pictures, the supplemental materials, and the ending style of middle and large units of 12 Technology·Home Economics textbooks were analyzed. Among the several specific emphasis in the 2007 curriculum revision, 3 major emphasis were selected. The 3 major emphasis that were selected were: practical reasoning process, sustainable consumption life, and career education. How these 3 emphasis were reflected in the various parts of the 12 textbooks were analyzed using the criteria found in the literature.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.153-159
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• 2023

This paper presents the optimal design of a heating system using radiant heating elements for application in smart farms. Smart farming, an advanced agricultural technology, is based on artificial intelligence and the internet of things and promotes crop production. Temperature and humidity regulation is critical in smart farms, and thus, a heating system is essential. Radiant heating elements are devices that generate heat using electrical energy. Among other applications, radiant heating elements are used for environmental control and heating in smart farm greenhouses. The performance of these elements is directly related to their electrical energy consumption. Therefore, achieving a balance between efficient electrical energy consumption and maximum heating performance in smart farms is crucial for the optimal design of radiant heating elements. In this study, the size, electrical energy supply, heat generation efficiency, and heating performance of radiant heating elements used in these heating systems were investigated. The effects of the size and electrical energy supply of radiant heating elements on the heating performance were experimentally analyzed. As the radiant heating element size increased, the heat generation efficiency improved, but the electrical energy consumption also increased. In addition, increasing the electrical energy supply improved both the heat generation efficiency and heating performance of the radiant heating elements. Based on these results, a method for determining the optimal size and electrical energy supply of radiant heating elements was proposed, and it reduced the electrical energy consumption while maintaining an appropriate heating performance in smart farms. These research findings are expected to contribute to energy conservation and performance improvement in smart farming.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2015

In order to meet the enforced emission regulations and reduce fuel consumption, various new technologies are employed in engines. The problem of NOx emissions under a lean mixture condition should be solved, because a lean-burn direct-injection engine can realize stable lean combustion with a stratified mixture, which results in improvements in fuel economy and emissions. This study investigated the effects of intake and exhaust valve timing changes on the performance and emission characteristics of a lean-burn LPG direct-injection engine. Under a partial-load operating condition without throttling, an increase in the intake valve opening led to an increase in NOx emissions due to an increase in the amount of excess air. The fuel consumption deteriorated with an increase in the exhaust valve opening due to a decrease in the expansion work and an increase in the pumping loss.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.39-54
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• 2014

Node layout optimization of structural wireless systems is investigated as a means to prolong the network lifetime without, if possible, compromising information quality of the measurement data. The trade-off between these antagonistic objectives is studied within a multi-objective layout optimization framework. A Genetic Algorithm is adopted to obtain a set of Pareto-optimal solutions from which the end user can select the final layout. The information quality of the measurement data collected from a heterogeneous WSN is quantified from the placement quality indicators of strain and acceleration sensors. The network lifetime or equivalently the network energy consumption is estimated through WSN simulation that provides realistic results by capturing the dynamics of the wireless communication protocols. A layout optimization study of a monitoring system on the Great Belt Bridge is conducted to evaluate the proposed approach. The placement quality of strain gauges and accelerometers is obtained as a ratio of the Modal Clarity Index and Mode Shape Expansion values that are computed from a Finite Element model of the monitored bridge. To estimate the energy consumption of the WSN platform in a realistic scenario, we use a discrete-event simulator with stochastic communication models. Finally, we compare the optimization results with those obtained in a previous work where the network energy consumption is obtained via deterministic communication models.