• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.262-269
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity among 6 different wild ginseng populations from New York, Kentucky, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Virginia, and to compare these wild populations to one cultivated population. RAPD markers were used to estimate the genetic difference among samples from the 7 populations. The 64 random primers were screened, and 15 primers were selected which exhibited the 124 highly reproducible polymorphic markers. The ratio of discordant bands to total bands scored was used to estimate the genetic distance within and among populations. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of the relation matrix showed distinctive separation between wild and cultivated populations. The MDS result was confirmed using pooled chi-square tests for fragment homogeneity. This study suggests that RAPD markers can be used as population-specific markers for American ginseng.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.568-575
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• 2009

Korean wild and forest cultivated ginseng has long been accepted as high medicinal values compared to field cultivated ginseng. Owing to the high price of Korean wild ginseng, Chinese wild and forest cultivated ginseng were smuggled and sold as Korean wild and forest cultivated ginseng. Therefore, an efficient method is required to distinguish Korean ginseng from Chinese ginseng. Microsatellites, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are highly polymorphic loci present in DNA that consist of repeating units of base pairs. Thus SSR markers are highly advantageous for detection of small genetic variances of intra-species. In the present study, we constructed a microsatellite-enriched genomic library from South Korean wild Panax ginseng. After sequence analysis of 992 randomly picked positive colonies, 126 (12.7%) of the colonies were found to contain microsatellite sequences, and 38 primer pairs were designed. By polymorphism assessment using 36 primer pairs, 4 primers (PG409, PG450, PG491, and PG582) were shown to be polymorphic to distinguish the South Korean ginseng from the Chinese ginseng. These 4 microsatellite markers will provide powerful tools to authenticate South Korean ginseng from Chinese ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.637-643
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is one of the world's most valuable medicinal plants with numerous pharmacological effects. Ginseng has been cultivated from wild mountain ginseng collections for a few hundred years. However, the genetic diversity of cultivated and wild ginseng populations is not fully understood. Methods: We developed 92 polymorphic microsatellite markers based on whole-genome sequence data. We selected five markers that represent clear allele diversity for each of their corresponding loci to elucidate genetic diversity. These markers were applied to 147 individual plants, including cultivars, breeding lines, and wild populations in Korea and neighboring countries. Results: Most of the 92 markers displayed multiple-band patterns, resulting from genome duplication, which causes confusion in interpretation of their target locus. The five high-resolution markers revealed 3 to 8 alleles from each single locus. The proportion of heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.027 to 0.190, with an average of 0.132, which is notably lower than that of previous studies. Polymorphism information content of the markers ranged from 0.199 to 0.701, with an average of 0.454. There was no statistically significant difference in genetic diversity between cultivated and wild ginseng groups, and they showed intermingled positioning in the phylogenetic relationship. Conclusion: Ginseng has a relatively high level of genetic diversity, and cultivated and wild groups have similar levels of genetic diversity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that current breeding populations have abundant genetic diversity for breeding of elite ginseng cultivars.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.20-23
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• 2012

Panax ginseng is a well-known herbal medicine in traditional Asian medicine, and wild ginseng is widely accepted to be more active than cultivated ginseng in chemoprevention. However, little has actually been reported on the difference between wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng. Thus, to identify and analyze those differences, we used suppressive subtraction hybridization (SSH) sequences with microarrays, realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcription PCRs (RT-PCRs). One of the clones isolated in this research was the chloroplast rpoC1 gene, a ${\beta}$subunit of RNA polymerase. Real-time RT-PCR results showed that the expression of the rpoC1 gene was significantly upregulated in wild ginseng as compared to cultivated ginseng, so, we conclude that the rpoC1 gene may be one of the important markers of wild ginseng.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2013

Objective: Panax ginseng is one of the most medicinally used herbal medicines in the world. Wild ginseng is widely accepted to be more active than cultivated ginseng in chemoprevention. However, little has actually been reported on the differences between wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng. Method: To identify wild ginseng-specific genes, we used suppressive subtraction hybridization. Results: We report that one of the clones isolated in this screen was the GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) gene (designated pGAPDH-w). DNA BLAST sequence analysis revealed that this pGAPDH-w gene contained novel sequences of 94 bp. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of the pGAPDH-w gene was significantly up-regulated in the wild ginseng as compared with the cultivated ginseng. Conclusion: The pGAPDH-w gene may be one of the important markers of wild ginseng.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2012

Panax ginseng is a well-known herbal medicine in traditional Asian medicine. Although wild ginseng is widely accepted to be more active than cultivated ginseng in chemoprevention, little has actually been reported on the difference between wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng. Using suppressive subtraction hybridization, we cloned the p-psbB gene as a candidate target gene for a wild ginseng-specific gene. Here, we report that one of the clones isolated in this screen was the chloroplast p-psbB gene, a chlorophyll a-binding inner antenna protein in the photosystem II complex, located in the lipid matrix of the thylakoid membrane. Real-time results showed that the expression of the p-psbB gene was significantly up-regulated in wild ginseng as compared to cultivated ginseng. Thus, the p-psbB gene may be one of the important markers of wild ginseng.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.757-763
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• 2009

ISSR PCR technique was applied to investigate genetic relationship among 5 Mountain cultivated ginseng populations (Jinan, Hongcheon, Punggi, Andong and Yeongju) and cDNA libraries of wild ginseng roots were constructed and analyzed functional genes related to morphogenesis via EST. Twenty four ISSR markers tested produced 127 polymorphic loci from 5 regional Mountain cultivated ginseng. Among the regional samples, Yeongju was made 18 polymorphic loci that were the highest level of variations among the cultivated regions. The range of similarity coefficient was 0.46~0.58 and the regional samples of Punggi and Hongcheon, Jinan and Andong were classified to similar groups respectively, whereas Yeongju was shown to be separate group with high level of genetic variation in UPGMA cluster analysis. As a result, there was no relationship according to geographical distance and genetic similarity. Eleven cDNA clones were consisted of 9 known genes and 2 unknown genes analyzed by BLAST program of NCBI. To recognize expression pattern of Homeodomain transcription factor related genes, Northern Blot analysis was performed for wild ginseng's leaf and root. As a result, the gene was only expressed by Mountain wild ginseng root.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.389-396
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG) in Korea which depends on an artificial forest growth method. To produce this type of ginseng, various P. ginseng cultivars can be used. To obtain a WCG similar to wild ginseng (WG), this method is usually performed in a mountain using seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng (CG) and WG. Recently, the WCG industry is suffering a problem in that Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen or Panax quinquefolium L. are being sold as WCG Korean market; These morphological similarities have created confusion among customers. Methods and Results: WCG samples were collected from five areas in Korea. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the primer pair labeled with fluorescence dye (FAM, NED, PET, or VIC), fragment analysis were performed. PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis with an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer. From the results, WCG cultivated in Korea showed very diverse genetic background. Conclusions: In this study, we tried to develop a method to discriminate between WCG, P. notoginseng or P. quinquefolium using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Furthermore, we analyzed the genetic diversity of WCG collected from five cultivation areas in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.26-26
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• 2018

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.253-258
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• 2006

Garlic is a perennial herb primarily distributed throughout the world. These plants are regarded as a medically and agricultural important crop in the world. The genetic relationships between cultivated and wild species were investigated at the population levels by constructing tree based on ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) markers. In addition, ISSR analysis was also conducted to estimate genetic diversity and population structure of these species. Three wild garlic populations in Korea were found to have more alleles per locus (mean 1.672 vs. 1.510) higher percent polymorphic locus (67.2 vs. 51.0), and higher diversity (0.250 vs. 0.198) than three cultivated populations. The cultivated and wild species in Korea are well separated from each other at phylogenetic trees. Although there is not direct evidence that A. victorialis is an ancestor of Korean A. sativum, there is a possibility that cultivated A. sativum in Korea has evolved from wild A. victorialis in Korea. Populations of A. victorialis may be useful in germ-plasm classification and evolutionary process.