• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.651-661
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• 1996

Algeria is located at the Mediterranean coast of north Africa, 90% of its population is concentrated in the coastal area which is mainly devoted to agriculture. Highland steppe and vast desert climate have determined its food culture. Long arab domination has influenced food of Algeria which has also undergone certain impact of Spanish, Turkish and French occupation. A variety of agricultural products, vegetables, fruits, spices and herbs have determined cooking method and food combination of Algeria. It use neither pork nor alcohol. Its main food consists of bread made from wheat flour and couscous cooked with semoule, Mechuwi, roast lamb and chorba, mixed soup are also typical foods of this region. For climatic reason lamb and chicken are prefered. Energy efficient method is applied to cooking through using oil for saute and water for boiling. Under european influence, Algerian salad used dressing for leaf vegetables, root and other kind vegetables were boiled. Serving with cake and cookies as dessert may possibly be the influence from the French occupation. The cake and cookie are made of wheat flour or other grain flour and take a specific form to be fried sweet with honey. Herbs and spices are widely used in cooking which are easily cultivated in household: mint, basil, rosemary, bayleaf, thyme, sage, fennel, marjoram, coriander, celery. Garlic, onion, piment, red pepper, cinammon are also widely used in an ordinary cooking. Reasonable food combination and economic cooking method could be subject of Algerian food study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.651-662
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a sleep improvement program combined with an aroma-necklace on sleep, depression, anxiety, and blood pressure in elderly women living at home. Methods: A program consisting of a four-week (one hour per week) sleep improvement intervention plus use of an aroma-necklace, was developed based on Cox's Interaction Model of Client Health Behavior. 70 elderly women were assigned to the experimental (n=35) or control group with no intervention (n=35). Data from 62 participants (32 in the experimental and 30 in the control) were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program. Women in the experimental group were instructed to constantly wear the aroma necklace filled with marjoram and orange oil until the program was completed. Sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and blood pressure were measured to identify the effectiveness of the program. Results: Significant group differences were found in sleep quality (t=-5.10, p<.001), sleep duration (z=-3.10, p=.002), sleep satisfaction (z=-4.13, p=<.001), depression (t=2.53, p=.015), and anxiety (z=-2.47, p=.014). No differences were found in the systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: The results indicate that a sleep improvement program combined with an aroma-necklace was effective in improving sleep disturbances in elderly women living at home. Nurses may contribute to improving sleep among elderly women by applying this program to aged women living in various environments.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.211-218
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of study was to examine effects of aromatherapy on stress, sleep, nausea and vomiting of women after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Methods: The participants were 60 women who had laparoscopic hysterectomy: experiment group for aromatherapy (n=30) and control group for routine care (n=30). The experimental group received inhalation aromatherapy for 5 minutes, twice; the first was done right after the operation, the second was at 9 pm before sleep on the same day-while the control group had no inhalation. Data were collected from July to September, 2012 at G hospital. Results: The degree of psychological stress was not significantly different between two groups (t=-1.96, p=.054). Yet, there were significant differences between two groups for degree of physiological stress (t=-3.20, p=.002), the level of cortisol (t=-2.01, p=.049), the score of sleep status (t=2.47, p=.016), the score of sleep satisfaction (t=2.43, p=.018), and the score for nausea and vomiting (t=-2.58, p=.012). Conclusion: Inhalation aromatherapy using the mixed oil of lavender, mandarin, and marjoram was effective in decreasing the level of physiological stress, cortisol, and the score for nausea and vomiting, and also allowed the participants to have a better sleep. Therefore, inhalation aromatherapy could be effective in improving the quality of life of these women during recovery.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.385-395
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• 2016

This research applied Aromatherapy Foot Massage on Community elders and examined its effects on their chronic pain, sleep. The study subjects were 43 female elders in the community of including 22people for the experimental group and 21 for the control group. The aromatherapy was carried out 6times for 2weeks to the experimental group, 3times a week and 10minutes per session. The components of aroma essential oil included Chamomile roman, Lavender, Marjoram sweet, and Orange sweet that were diluted 20% into 100mL of Jojoba oil which was the carrier oil. The results, the experimental group that participated in the aromatherapy improved in chronic pain, quality of sleep, and the number of urination during sleep decreased compared to the control group. The research results demonstrated that due to the aroma foot massage, chronic pain decreased, sleep improved.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2012

This work describes the characteristics of $Malassezia$ $pachydermatis$ isolated from dog ear canals and the effect of essential oils on the growth of this organism. Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect specimens from the external ear canal and culture tests were performed to detect the population size of $Malassezia$ yeast. Using three different isolation media, included Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) to isolate common $M.$ $pachydermatis$, and SDA supplemented with olive oil (SDAO) and Leeming's medium (LM) to detect lipophilic yeast, $Malassezia$ spp were isolated from 14 of 18 dogs (77.8%); isolation rates were 33.3% in SDA, 72.2% in SDAO and 66.7% in LM media. All $Malassezia$ spp isolates were identified as $M.$ $pachydermatis$ according to results of PCR amplification, but gross colony morphology and SDA growth rates suggested four different subtypes. Large (LC) and medium colony (MC) types respectively describe large colony (diameter > 3 mm) and medium colony (around 2 mm) after 72 hour incubation, and small (SC) type refers to smaller colony (< 1 mm) even after 5 days incubation; lipid dependent colonies did not grow onto SDA. Large Colony type strains were isolated from 4, 11, and 11 samples, MC type strains from 2, 3 and 1 and SC type strains from 1, 2 and 1 in SDA, SDAO and LM, respectively. Lipid-dependent $M.$ $pachydermatis$ (Lipo) were isolated from 3 samples each in SDAO and LM. Anti-$M.$ $pachydermatis$ activity testing was done using disc-diffusion assays and well diffusion tests. Most essential oils inhibited the growth of $M.$ $pachydermatis$ in a range from 0.5% to 1.0% of essential oils. MIC90 and MIC50 were variable depending upon the nature of essential oils. Thyme oil was found to be highly effective in inhibiting the growth of $M.$ $pachydermatis$ in a range from 0.125% to 0.0625% while marjoram and then tea tree oil exhibited lower inhibitory capacity.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.384-388
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• 2001

The selenium (Se) contents of 20 herbs, harvested in three areas in Korea, were analyzed. Many herbs had no Se. Angelica ($138.4{\mu}g \;Se{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ FW), caraway ($167.8{\mu}g \;Se{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ FW), chamomile ($116.6{\mu}g \;Se{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ FW), marjoram (158.7 and $132.6{\mu}g\;Se{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ FW), and oregano ($62.5{\mu}g\;Se{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ FW) accumulated Se as higher concentration compared with other plants. The Se content of herbs was dependent on the species, cultivars and areas. The status of Se uptake by herbs was investigated according to Se concentrations in hydroponics. During four weeks, before harvest of several herbs in greenhouse, sodium selenate ($Na_2SeO_4$) was added to the nutrient solution at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and $8mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Field-mint accumulated Se too high, but external symptom of Se toxicity was not found. Essential oil content was generally proportionated to treated-Se concentration. The essential oil contents in basil and balm increased two to three times higher by sodium selenate treatment compared to non-treatment, but they did not show any linear relationship between essential oil contents and treated-Se concentration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate how herb extracts may improve blood circulation. Twenty-six extracts from nine different herbs (marjoram, lavender, dill, rosemary, hyssop, rose, lemon balm, pineapple sage, and echinacea) were evaluated for their anti-hypertensive effects via angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. Their cholesterol-lowering effects via hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition and their fibrinolytic activity via fibrin-plate method were also evaluated. Both water extraction of rose flowers and 70% EtOH extraction of pineapple sage leaves effectively reduced the ACE activity with inhibition rates of 133.8% and 91.2%, respectively. Similarly, both water and 70% EtOH extracts of rose flowers strongly inhibited the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase by 48.9% and 80.5%, respectively. Water and 70% EtOH extracts of rose flowers also showed relatively high fibrinolytic activity. Based on these observations, rose flower extracts can be developed as a functional tool for use in the improvement of blood circulation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2020

Total polyphenol contents, flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities of ethanol extracts of 20 herbal plants (sage, turmeric, mace, bayleaf, fenugreek, oregano, blackpepper, whitepepper, clove, marjoram, cinnamon, coriander, basil, dillseed, mustard, cadamon, thyme, celery, rosemary, cumin) were analyzed for the screening of high flavonoid-containing plant resource. Thyme extract, showing the highest flavonoid content and a high degree of antioxidant activity, was selected as a bioactive cosmetic material. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents of thyme extracts were measured as 6.90 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent (CAE)/100 g and 1.71 mg naringin equivalent (NE)/100 g, respectively, and DPPH radical scavenging activities was 90%. Among the tested organic solvents, hexane gave the highest extraction yield. Thus hexane was selected as the most suitable solvent for the extraction of thyme. Response surface method was used to obtain optimized extraction conditions for thyme: reaction temperature of 35.9 ℃, raw material to hexane ratio of 1.63:25 (w/v), and reaction time of 192 min. These predicted extraction conditions was validated by a total flavonoid extraction experiment showing a value equivalent to 96.3% of the predicted total flavonoid content. It is expected that the optimized solvent extraction conditions could be used for the production of flavonoid using thyme.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.523-533
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• 2019

This study's purpose is to determine the effects of aroma inhalation on preoperative pain and anxiety of the elderly preparing to undergo a spine surgery. A Quasi-experimental design, with non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used in this study. Blended essential oils with frankincense, marjoram and mandarin were inhaled twice in the experimental group (n=30). The control group (n=30) was treated with the standard preoperative care. Pain, state anxiety, and vital sign were measured twice (before and after). The results of this study showed that pain (t=-1.223, p=.226), systolic blood pressure (t=-0.211, p=.833), diastolic blood pressure (t=0.638, p=.526), and respiration rate (t=0.734, p=.466) were not statistically significant in the experimental and the control group. There were significant differences in state anxiety (t=-3.202, p=.002) and pulse rate (t=-0.213, p=.037) in the experimental group compared to the control group. According to the results, aroma inhalation is an effective nursing intervention for relieving anxiety in surgical patients.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the effects of frankincense essential oil (BSEO) on the immune cell change in the lung, BALF and PBMC using a mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal OVA sensitization (day 1) were challenged intratracheally with OVA on day 14. Then, the asthma was induced by repeated OVA inhalation challenged. The asthma induced mice group inhaled 0.3% BSEO for 30 minutes per trial, three times a week, for 8 weeks using the nebulizer. After 12 weeks from the experiment, the mice was killed and the lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were obtained. Next, the change of immune cells inside the separated tissues was observed to identity the effects of BSEO on the allergic asthma mice. In conclusion, the hypersensitive reaction of airway to the bronchoconstrictor in the allergic asthma induced mice was effectively suppressed in Frankincense group, in Bermagot, Eucalyptus, Chamomile, Marjoram and Frankincense groups, the natural aromatic essential oil groups. Furthermore, it was also confirmed that the weight of lung, total number of alveolus cells and the number of BALF, MNL and DLN increased after inducing allergic asthma were reduced. BSEO suppressed the percentage of $CD3e^+/CD19^-$, $B220^+/CD23^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in the lung tissue of allergic asthma mice. Moreover, BSEO also reduced the percentage of $CD4^+/CD8^-$, $B220^+/CD23^+$ and $CD3^+/CCR3^+$ cells in BALF. In addition, the percentage of $CD3e^+/CD19^-$, $CD3^+/CD69^+$ and $B220^+/CD23^+$ cells in PBMC was reduced. The results of this study indicate that BSEO would be effective to treat allergic asthma by the immune control suppressing the activity of immune cells in each tissue.