• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.507-528
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• 2015

The Fish Collection Project collected 356 fish species from the Southern Sea of Korea during 2010-2012, 55 more than previously collected. The fishes belonged to 3 classes, 29 orders and 128 families. The 5 dominant orders, Perciformes, Scorpaeniformes, Pleuronectiformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Clupeiformes, accounted for ~80% of the identified species. Additionally, 126 species were collected from the Southern Sea for the first time, while 85 species that had been found in previous collections were not seen. The species variety of fish in the Southern Sea may be influenced by its unique oceanographic conditions such as increased water temperatures in coastal areas, so regular surveys would assist our understanding of the fish community. We suggest that various collection methods, including diving, be used to collect fish species inhabiting rocky shore or deep-sea areas, where commercial fishing gear is difficult to deploy.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2006

Frontal areas between warm and saline waters of the Kuroshio currents and colder and diluted waters of the East China Sea (ECS) influenced by the Changjiang River were identified from the satellite thermal imagery and hydrological data obtained from the Coastal Ocean Process Experiment (COPEX) cruise during the period between March $1^{st}$ and $10^{th}$, 1997. High chlorophyll concentrations appeared in the fronts of the East China Seas with the highest chlorophyll-a concentration in the southwestern area of Jeju Island (${\sim}2.9\;mg/m^3$) and the eastern area of the Changjiang River Mouth (${\sim}2.8\;mg/m^3$). Vertical structures of temperature, salinity and density were similar, showing the fronts between ECS and Kuroshio waters. The water column was well mixed in the shelf waters and was stratified around the fronts. It is inferred that the optimal condition for light utilization and nutrients induced both from the coastal and deep waters enhances the high phytoplankton productivity in the fronts of the ECS. In addition, the high chlorophyll-a in the fronts seems to have been associated with the water column stability as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2004

Deep Ocean Water (DOW) is formed within restricted area including polar sea (high latitude) by cooling of surface seawater and globally circulating in the state of isolation from surface seawater. Although it is not as obvious as estuaries mixing, brine ground water is mixture of recirculated seawater and ground water. Seawater having high osmotic pressure infiltrates into an aquifer which is connected to the sea. In order to clarify the characteristics of deep ocean water and brine ground water, we investigated their origins, chemical compositions, water qualities and resources stabilities. While concentrations of stable isotopes (/sup 18/O and ²H) in seawater is 0‰, those in brine ground water is on meteoric water line or shifted toward oxygen line. It means that origin of brine ground water is different than that of deep ocean water. The ions dissolved in seawater (Na, Ca, Mg, K) are present in constant proportions to each other and to the total salt content of seawater. However deviations in ion proportions have been observed in some brine ground water. Some causes of these exception to the rule of constant proportions are due to many chemical reactions between periphery soil and ground water. While DOW has a large quantity of functional trace metals and biological affinity relative to brine ground water, DOW has relatively small amount of harmful bacteria and artificial pollutants.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.328-331
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• 2006

Eight years of SeaWiFS data quantify variability in the time/space patterns of spring bloom development in the Gulf of Maine (GOM). Maximum and earliest spring bloom are usually observed over Georges Bank, later on the deep basins from the west to the east GOM, and latest development along the eastern Maine coast in cold, tidally mixed water. Pronounced interannual variability of spring bloom timing, spatial position, and magnitude are shown in the GOM. Strongest negative anomalies are present in April 1998 and 2001 over Georges Bank and the eastern GOM, and in January to April of 2005 over the most of GOM. Positive anomalies are strong in April 2001, 2003 and 2004 in varying locations as well as in February and March 1999. It is suggested that interannaul variability in spring phytoplankton bloom concentrations is strongly associated with changes in water mass and stratification which might be influenced by basin-scale forcing due to large climate change.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

The objective of the study was to investigate if reproductive characteristics of $Pandalus$ $eous$ affect the depth distribution in the East Sea of Korea. $P.$ $eous$ was found at depths of 500-900 m in the East Sea of Korea, with the highest percentage occurrence (34%) at 500 m. A negative correlation was observed between the number of individuals and the depth. The overall sex ratio also turned out to be significantly correlated with depth. On average, the larger individuals (bigger than 26.37 cm), which included transitional, female, and ovigerous females, were mostly distributed at 700 m depth. The percentage of males increased by depth and ovigerous females were mainly distributed in the shallow water (300 m) during winter. Ovigerous females were not found at 900 m, which is the deepest depth range in this study. The percentage of transitional individuals was greatest at 500 m and decreased gradually with depth. All ovigerous female individuals were of the spent ovarian stage in winter. Female numbers in the ripe ovarian stage increased with depth and immature females rarely appeared. The gonadosomatic indices of the nonovigerous females and ovigerous females were highest at 700 m in depth. The mean egg size of $P.$ $eous$ was $0.83{\pm}0.11mm^3$ in the non-eyed stage and $0.93{\pm}0.17mm^3$ in the eyed stage.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1993

Concentrations of sulfate and 6-values of sulfate, $({\delta}^{34}SO_4_){pw}$, dissolved In pore waters were measured from the sediment cores of the two different marine environments : deep northeast Pacific (57-1) and coastal Kyunggi Bay of Yellow Sea (57-2) . Sulfate concentration in pore waters decreases with depth at both cores, reflecting sulfate reduction in the sediment columns. However, much higher gradient of pore water sulfate at 57-2 than 57-1 indicates more rapid sulfate reduction at 57-2, because of high sedimentation rate at the coastal area compared to the deep-sea. The measured 6-values, $({\delta}^{34}SO_4_){pw}$, follow extremely well the predicted trend of the Rayleigh fractionation equation. The range of 26.756 to 61.35% at the coastal core 57-2 is not so great as that of 32.4$\textperthousand$ to 97.8$\textperthousand$ at the deep-sea core 57-1. Despite greater graclient of pore water sulfate at 57-2, the 6-values become lower than those of the deep- sea core 57-1. This inverse relation between the 6-values and the gradients of pore water sulfate could be explained by the combination of the two subsequent factors : the kinetic effect by which the residual pore water sulfate becomes progressively enriched with respect to the heavy isotope of $^{34}S$ as sulfate reduction proceeds, and the intrinsic formulation effect of the Rayleigh fractionation equation in which the greater becomes the fractionation factor, the more diminished values of $({\delta}^{34}SO_4_){pw}$ are predicted.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.407-421
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• 2014

The benthic environmental impact experiment addresses environmental impacts at a specific site related to deep-sea mineral resource development. We have acquired several tens of multi- or box core samples at 31 sites within the Benthic environmental Impact Site (BIS) since 2010, aiming to examine the basic properties of surficial deep-sea sediment as a potential source for deep-water plumes. In this study, we present the geochemical properties such as major elements, rare earth elements (REEs), and heavy metal contents at the BIS. Such proxies vary distinctly according to the Facies association. The lithology of all core sediments in the BIS corresponds to both Association Ib and Association IIIb. The vertical profiles of some major elements ($SiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3$, CaO, $P_2O_5$, MgO, MnO) show noticeable differences between Association Ib and IIIb, while others ($Al_2O_3$, $TiO_2$, $Na_2O$, and $K_2O$) do not vary between Association Ib and IIIb. REEs are also distinctly different for Associations Ib and IIIb; in Association Ib, REY and HREE/LREE are uniform through the sediment section, while they increase downward in Association IIIb like the major elements; below a depth of 8 cm, REY is over 500 ppm. The metal enrichment factor (EF) evaluates the anthropogenic influences of some metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in marine sediments. In both Associations, the EF for Cu is over 1.5, the EF for Ni and Pb ranges from 0.5 to 1.5, and the EF for Zn and Cd are less than 0.5, indicating Cu is enriched but Zn and Cd are relatively depleted in the BIS. The vertical variations of geochemical properties between Association Ib and IIIb are shown to be clearly different, which seems to be related to the global climate changes such as the shift of Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ).

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2004

Based on the data obtained under the China-Korea joint project (1997-2001) and historic observations, the distribution, transportation and sedimentation of sediment in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) are discussed, and the controversial formation mechanism of muddy sediments is also explored. The sediment transport trend analysis indicates that the net transport direction of sediment in the central SYS (a fine-grained sediment deposited area) points to $123.4^{\circ}E,\;35.1^{\circ}N$, which is a possible sedimentation center in the central SYS. The sediment transport pattern is verified by the distribution of total suspended matter (TSM) concentration and ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of particulate organic carbon (POC), the latter indicates that the bottom water plays a more important role than the surface water in transporting the terrigenous material to the central deep-water area of the SYS, and the Yellow Sea circulation is an important control factor for the sediment transport pattern in the SYS. The carbon isotope signals of organic matter in sediments indicate that the Shandong subaqueous delta has high sedimentation rate and the deposited sediments originate mainly from the modern Yellow River. The terrigenous sediments in deep-water area of the SYS originate mainly from the old Yellow River and the modern Yellow River, and only a small portion originates from the modern Yangtze River. The analytical results of TSM and stable carbon isotopes are further confirmed by another independent tracer of sediment source, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Five light mineral provinces in the SYS can be identified and they indicate inhomogeneity in sources and sedimentary environment. The modern shelf sedimentary processes in the SYS are controlled by shelf dynamic factors. The muddy depositional systems are produced in the shelf low-energy environments, which are controlled by some meso-scale cyclonic eddies (cold eddies) in the central SYS and the area southwest of the Cheju Island. On the contrary, an anticyclonic muddy depositional system (warm eddy sediment) appears in the southeast of the SYS (the area northwest of the Cheju Island). In this study, we give the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy sedimentation patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.236-246
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• 2014

Deep Sea Water (DSW) has recently drawn attention due to the considerable benefits provided by low-temperature, various minerals included, purity and safety of the water resource. Since Korean DSW-industry initiated exploitation of the alternative water resource in 2008, it merely took off, but remains in the infant stage. It is mainly because the industry has only focused on production of drinkable bottled water, and failed to improve sustainability and competitiveness. On the contrary, not a few oversea DSW industries (e.g. Japanese and Taiwanese DSW industries) have successfully cultivated their markets, and have become leading cases of the industry. The common success factors learned from the cases are as follows; 1) They continuously invest on technology innovation, introduce new DSW-based products, and increase the usability of DSW in various areas of products and services, and 2) they strategically focus on high value-added products rather than just bottled water products. This paper examines the cases of the advanced DSW industries and analyzes patent data and their technology-based development strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

Field observation for oceanic conditions and paralarvae of the common squid, Todarodes pacificus in Korean waters were sampled with the Bongo net (diameter: 60 cm, mesh size: $333{\mu}m$) by using oblique tow method with the oceanographic research vessel (Tamgu 12 and Tamgu 20) around Korean waters (middle of the Yellow Sea, northern part of the East China Sea, East Sea) in 2013 and 2014 was carried out. The observation in the Yellow Sea and the northern part of the East China Sea was done in August, 2013 and in the East Sea it was repeated at seven times from June, 2013 to September, 2014. The paralarvae in August of 2013 was not found in the Yellow Sea and one paralarvae was found in the northern part of the East China Sea. In the East Sea, 39 paralarvae during whole observation period were found, mantle length of paralarvae was from 1.7 to 13.5 mm. Surface water temperature in the Yellow Sea was $30^{\circ}C$, and cold water mass lower than $10^{\circ}C$ was occupied in the deep layer than 30 m. In the northern part of the East China Sea, surface water temperature was $31^{\circ}C$, and higher water temperature above $20^{\circ}C$ was found in deeper than 50 m. In the East Sea, optimum temperature for survival, $15-24^{\circ}C$, was existed shallower than 75 m.