• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2009

Livestock manure is an important source of nutrients for crop production. However, farmers typically do not know the exact nutrient values for livestock manure. In many instances, manure has been viewed as a waste, and as a result it is applied close to the source resulting in over application of nutrients. Thus, the goal of nutrient application has often been applied to reduce the application expense rather than to maximize crop income. This results in wasted money and potentially negative impacts on water quality. Several livestock manure management scenarios were created based on agronomic nutrient requirements using the Utilization of Animal Manure as a Plant Nutrient (AMANURE) software to investigate water quality impacts with the National Agricultural Pesticide Risk Analysis (NAPRA) WWW modeling system. Application of manure at agronomic rates can result in high nitrate-nitrogen losses for some soil types, especially when applied in late fall. The application of manure at an agronomic rate does not necessarily equate to adequate water quality protection, and farmers must take care applying manure at agronomic rates, because nitrate-nitrogen loss potential varies spatially and temporarily. Nutrient loss probability maps for Indiana at 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% values were created to demonstrate potential water quality impacts when livestock manure is applied to cropland at agronomic rates. The NAPRA WWW system coupled with AMANURE can be used to identify site-specific livestock manure management plans that are environmentally sound and agronomically appropriate.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.923-938
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• 2015

This study was conducted to serve as the basis for establishing a standard cultivation, which enhances the alternative utilization of pig manure, a major cause of environmental pollution, by finding a means for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for eco-friendly cultivation. In a laboratory, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emission patterns were investigated corresponding to incremental pig manure treatments in paddy soil. The emissions peaked 12 to 27 days after manure application in the 100~400% applications. It was found that increasing applications of pig manure resulted an increase in $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ emissions. Additionally, application of more than 150% emitted a larger amount of these gasses than applying chemical fertilizer. However, the test application of 100% pig manure emitted a smaller amount of $CH_4$ and hence Global Warming Potential (GWP) than those emitted by chemical fertilizer. If appropriate amount of fertilization is applied in compliance with the standard application rate, the pig manure may be effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the soil environment made more favorable than with the use of chemical fertilizer.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.297-302
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• 1996

돈분 및 계분을 시비수준을 달리하여 표토(16cm)에 처리한후 1주일 후부터 토마토를 재배하면서 근권토양내의 미생물상의 변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 무처리구의 근권총세균 밀도는 시비구 보다 적었으며, 생육기인 5주째에 균밀도가 1주째보다 떨어졌으며 15주째에는 최고가 되었다. 희석영양배지(Diluted Nutrient Broth : NB)의 세균밀도는 영양배지(Nutrient Broth NB)에서 보다 1.5~2배 높게 나타났다. 2. 정식 1주일후의 근권 토양 세균 수는 돈분에서 NB와 DNB배지에서 퇴비량에 비례하여 증가하였으며, 계분에서는 NB는 증가하였으나 DNB는 시용량에 따라 무비구 보다 감소했다. 60, 120 Mg/ha처리구에서 무비구에 비해 NB에서 100배 이상 증가하였다. 15주후인 토마토 수확기에는 1주후의 경우와 반대로 DNB배지의 세균수가 NB배지에서 보다 높았다. 3. 사상균수는 유기질 비료 시용 1주후에 시비수준에 따라서는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았지만, 계분시용구에서 무시구보다 감소하였다. 15주째에 계분은 2주째보다 2배가 높았으며 계분 30 Mg/ha에서 최고로 높았으나 돈분은 시용량에 따라 무비구보다 감소하였다. 4. 방선균의 밀도는 1주후 돈분구에서 차이가 없고 계분 시용구에서 무비구보다 감소하였고 15주째에 모든시비구에서 크게 증식하여 돈분 10 Mg/ha와 계분 30 Mg/ha구의 경우 1주후 토양에 비하여 4배 이상 증가하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2007

화학비료의 과다사용으로 환경오염의 문제가 심각해 지면서 친환경 농자재(목초재 또는 축산분뇨 등)를 사용하는 유기농업의 필요성이 대두되어 왔다. 이러한 친환경 농자재의 시용량은 작물 종류별, 토양 종류별, 계절별, 재배환경 등에 따라 결정되어져야 한다. 유기비료로서 축산분뇨량의 효율적 사용과 축산분뇨로부터의 암모니아 방출량 저감을 위해서는 먼저 축산분뇨의 경작지 시비 후 암모니아 방출모델이 제시되어야 한다. 그리고 암모니아 방출에 영향이 큰 인자들을 찾아내어 이 인자들을 변화시킴으로서 암모니아 방출량을 감소시킬 수 있을 것이다. 이 연구에서는 인공신경망(artificial neural network) 기법을 이용하여 시비된 돈분의 암모니아 휘산량을 예측한다. 유럽지역에서 얻은 암모니아 방출 실험데이터(ALFAM database)를 바탕으로, 암모니아 손실 영향인자에 따른 암모니아 방출량을 Michaelis-Menten 모델식을 이용하여 예측한다. 이 모델식의 모델인자(암모니아 최대 방출량과 암모니아 최대 방출량의 50%에 도달하는 시간)는 feedforward-backpropagation 인공신경망 기법으로 예측하였고, 가중치 분할법(weight partitioning method)으로 암모니아 손실에 미치는 총 15개의 영향인자의 상대적인 중요도를 분석하였다. 그 결과 암모니아 방출량은 기후에 따라 크게 좌우되고, 돈분의 상태도 상당한 영향을 주고 있다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

The effects of application of gypsum and fresh cattle manure on the yield of forage crop were investigated in Hwaong reclaimed land in Korea for 3 years from 2011 to 2013. This study was conducted to develop the practical application method of livestock manure as a fertilization source and a soil physico-chemical ameliorator for the cultivation of forage crop $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrid in newly reclaimed tidal land soil. Treatments with six applications were established with three replications; chemical fertilizer (CF), gypsum (G) $20Mg\;ha^{-1}$, G+fresh cattle manure (FCM) 100%, G+FCM 200%, G+FCM 300% and FCM 100% which referred to the application rate equivalent to the recommended amount of phosphate fertilization by soil test. The combined treatments of G+FCM increased soil organic matter, $Av.P_2O_5$ and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ contents while decreased exchangeable $Na^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$. The soil bulk density, soil hardness and soil aggregate formation were improved by G+FCM treatments. The dry matter yields of $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrid were significantly increased in proportion to the application rate of FCM. The phosphorus use efficiency showed the highest in the application level of G+FCM 100%, which seemed to be the results of reduced nutrient use efficiency by nutrient immobilization, leaching etc. when applied excessive amount of fresh animal manure.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2017

Various types of organic materials could affect differently immobilization of cadmium (Cd) and its uptake by plant grown in soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate effect of different organic materials in reducing Cd phytoextractability in contaminated arable soil. To do this, rice straw and composted manure were selected as organic materials and applied at the rate of 0, 15, 30, and $45Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in Cd contaminated arable soil with $6.5mg\;kg^{-1}$ of total Cd. Radish (Raphanus sativa L.) was seeded and grown for 50 days to evaluate Cd phytoavailability with different organic materials. Composted manure was more effective to decrease $1M\;NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and increase pH of soil than rice straw. $One\;M\;NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration significantly decreased with increasing application rate of composted manure. Tendency of Cd uptake by radish plant with application of different organic materials was similar to that of $1M\;NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and soil pH. Changes of soil pH with application of straw and composted might be one of factors to determine extractability and phytoavailability of Cd in this study. Radish yield significantly increased with up to $45Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of composted manure application but did not with straw application. In the view point of Cd phytoextractability and plant productivity, it is recommended to apply composted manure rather than straw in Cd contaminated arable soil.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.221-234
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• 2016

본 연구는 벼에 돈분액비와 화학비료를 연용하여 살포하였을 때 돈분액비가 벼의 수량과 미질 및 토양 화학성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2012년부터 3년간 수행하였다. 시험은 강원도 철원군 농가 포장에서 오대벼를 공시하여 실시하였다. 시비는 돈분액비를 질소 검정시비량을 기준으로 하여 100%에 해당하는 양을 처리하였으며, 화학비료 처리구와 비교하였다. 돈분액비의 시용년수에 따른 벼의 분얼수 및 초장은 돈분액비 1년 시용구와 화학비료 사이에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 돈분액비 3년 시용구의 분얼수는 화학비료 시용구보다 많았다. 쌀의 수량은 돈분액비 1년 시용구가 화학비료 대비 7% 감소하였다. 그러나 돈분액비 3년 연속 시용구에서 $495kg\;10a^{-1}$의 수량을 얻어 화학비료 대비 8% 증수하였다. 돈분액비로 벼를 3년 재배하였을 때 쌀의 단백질 함량은 7.01%로 대조구인 화학비료 시용구 보다 높은 수준이었다. 아밀로스 함량은 15.5~17.0%로 처리구별 유의성은 없었다. 식미치를 Toyo 식미계를 이용하여 조사한 결과 돈분액비 100% 처리구의 식미치가 65.3%로 화학비료 시용구보다 낮은 수준이었다. 쌀의 품위 특성에서 돈분액비 100% 처리구의 완전미 비율은 78.7%로 낮았으며, 불완전미의 비율을 높인 주 원인은 분상질립, 피해립의 비율이 높았기 때문이었다. 3년간 돈분 액비를 계속 사용한 결과, 화학비료 처리에 비해 토양 중 칼륨과 아연의 함량이 높았으나 다른 중금속 함량도 관행 화학비료 처리와 크게 다르지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 미루어 볼 때 돈분액비의 3년 시용시 돈분 액비의 연용이 쌀의 수량성에 나쁜 영향을 미치지는 않을 것으로 판단되지만 쌀의 단백질 함량이 증가하고 Toyo 식미치와 완전미 비율은 감소하는 결과를 얻었다. 돈분액비 3년 시용 후 토양의 칼륨 축적이 되므로 토양검정에 의한 액비 적량시용이 요구된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Composted animal manure applied to the arable soil for improving soil quality and enhancing crop productivity causes greenhouse gas emissions such as nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) by processes of nitrification and denitrification. However, little studies have been conducted on determining effect of application ratio of composted animal manure on $N_2O$ emission rate and its annual emission pattern from upland soil in South Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine $N_2O$ emission rate and its annual emission pattern from upland soil supporting for sweet potato. METHODS AND RESULTS: Composted animal manure was applied at the ratio of 0, 10, and 20 Mg/ha to an upland soil supporting for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Nitrous oxide emission was examined during growing season and non-growing season from May 2016 through May 2017. Daily $N_2O$ fluxes showed peaks right after applications of composted animal manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Precipitation and soil water content affected daily $N_2O$ flux during non-growing season. Especially, $N_2O$ flux was strongly associated with water filled pore space (WFPS). We assumed that the majority of $N_2O$ measured during growing season of sweet potato was produced from nitrification and subsequent denitrification. Annual cumulative $N_2O$ emission rate significantly increased with increasing application ratio of composted animal manure. It increased to 12.0 kg/ha/yr from 8.73 kg/ha/yr at control with 10 Mg/ha of composted animal manure and to 14.0 kg/ha/yr of $N_2O$ emission with 20 Mg/ha of the manure. CONCLUSION: To reduce $N_2O$ emission from arable soil, further research on developing management strategy associated with use of the composted animal manure and soil moisture is needed.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2000

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of seeding methods and rates on the growth characteristics, forage yield and nutritive value of sorghum X sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. Pioneer 988) grown under application of animal manure in 1995. The application amount of animal manure were 40MT in cattle manure, 30MTha in swine and poultry manure. The methods and rates of seeding treated in this study were drill of 30kg, and broadcast of 30, 60 and 100kgha of seeding rates. The plant height was 180cm, 191cm and 204cm in cattle, swine and poultry manure, respectively. Plant height in the plot of drill was higher by about 15cm than those of broadcast plots. The dry matter(DM) yield was 7.73, 8.87 and 9.80MTha in cattle, swine and poultry manure, respectively. A significant higher forage yield was produced in the plot of drill, compared with broadcast(Pc0.05). DM yields in broadcast of 60kg and lOOkg of seeding rates were higher than that of 30kg of seeding rate of broadcast. However, no significant difference in forage yield was found between 60kg and IOOkg of seeding rates. The average DM yield was 11.16, 6.94, 8.26 and 8.83MTIha in drill(30kg), broadcast 30, 60 and 100kgIMT of seeding rates, respectively. The nutritive value of sorghum x sudangrass hybrid was very similar among treatments. The crude protein yields were 1,010kg in cattle manure, 1,180kg in swine manure, and 1,592kg in poultry manure. The protein yield was significantly high in the plot of drill. In conclusion, seeding by drill was recommended for forage production and protein yield of sorghumxsudangrass hybrid, and proper seeding rates were 30kg in drill and 60kg in broadcast. (Key words : Sorghumxsudangrass hybrid, Seeding rate, Seeding method, Forage yield, Nutritive value, Animal manure)

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2012

A two year study was conducted on the effects of composted pig manure applications on organically managed intermediate-day onion ($Allium$ $cepa$ L.) with mid-season production. The manure application rates were 0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, and accompanied by organic fertilizer with 240 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ nitrogen for all treatments. There was a positive linear effect on the marketable bulb yield with increasing applications of pig manure. However, pig manure rates of 6.0 or 8.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ did not affect the marketable yields or bulb weights at harvest. There was no significant difference between pig manure application rates and mineral concentration or nutrient uptake in onion bulbs. Soil pH and electric conductivity (EC) were lower at harvest compared to preplant soil, while exchangeable potassium and calcium contents increased at harvest. However, there were no significant effects on soil pH, EC, and organic matter or exchangeable cations caused by different pig manure application rates. Mineralized $NO_3$-N content was not affected by pig manure application rates except at transplanting and 129 day after transplanting. Based on the results of this study, when organic fertilizer is applied at a rate of 240 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ N, 6.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ composted pig manure should be adequate for producing onions using an organic production system.