• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.68-83
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• 2003

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2011

Objectives: In this study, we summarized the External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toxic chemicals which started in 1995 and continued until a $31^{st}$ round robin in the spring of 2010. The program was performed twice per year until 2009, and this was changed to once a year since 2010. The objective of the program is to ensure the reliability of the data related to biological monitoring from analytical laboratories. Methods: One hundred and eighteen laboratories participated in the $31^{st}$ round robin. The program offers 5 items for inorganic analysis: lead in blood, cadmium in blood, manganese in blood, cadmium in urine, and mercury in urine. It also offers 10 items for organic analysis, including hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, trichloroacetic acid, total trichloro-compounds, trans,trans-muconic acid, and 2,5-hexanedione in urine. Target values were determined by statistical analysis using consensus values. All the data, such as chromatograms and calibration curves, were reviewed by the committee. Results: The proficiency rate was below 70% prior to the first round robin and improved to over 90% for common items, such as PbB and HA, while those for other items still remained in the range of 60-90% and need to be improved up to 90%. Conclusion: The EQAS has taken a primary role in improving the reliability of analytical data. A total quality assurance scheme is suggested, including the validation of technical documentation for the whole analytical procedure.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제10권1_2호
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• pp.37-46
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• 1995

The purpose of this research is to estimate a safe environmental level of human exposure to thresholding-acting toxicants in drinking water and recommend the acceptable levels and management plans for maintaining good quality of drinking water' and protecting health hazard. This research has been funded as a national project for three years from 1992 to 1995. This study(the second year, 1993-1994) was conducted to monitor 39 species of noncarcinogenic chemicals such as volatile organic compounds(VOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbens(PAHs), pesticides and heavy metals of drinking water at some area in six cities of Korea, and evaluate health risk due to these chemicals through four main steps (hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment and risk characterization) of risk assessment in drinking water. In hazard identification, 39 species of non-carcinogenic chemicals were identified by the US EPA classification system. In the step of exposure assessment, sampling of tap water from the public water supply system had been conducted from 1993 to 1994, and 39 chemicals were analyzed. Inclose-response assessment for non-carcinogens, reference doses(RfD) and lifetime health advisories(HAs) of lifetime acceptable levels were calculated. In risk characterization of detected chemicals, the hazard quotients of noncarcinogens were less than one except those of manganese and iron in D city.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2023

The human reproductive system can be affected by occupational exposure to many physical and chemical risk factors. This study was carried out to review the studies conducted on the issue of the pathophysiological effects of occupational physical and chemical risk factors on the reproductive system of females and males. In this systematic review, the databases such as "Google Scholar," "Pub-Med," "Scopus," and "Web of Science" were used. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020), the studies included in our study were published between 2000 and 2021. In order to extract the required data, all sections of the articles were reviewed. Out of 57 articles we reviewed, 34 articles were related to field studies and 23 articles to clinical studies. Among them, 43 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of chemical agents, six studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physical factors, and 8 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physicochemical factors on the human reproductive system. Physical (noise, heat, and radiofrequency radiation) and chemical (such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, NO2, CS2, manganese, lead, nickel, and n-hexane) risk factors had pathophysiological effects on the human reproductive system. The presence of these risk factors in the workplace caused damage to the human reproductive system. The rate of these negative pathophysiological effects can be reduced by performing appropriate managerial, technical, and engineering measures in work environments.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2003

집비둘기 Columba livia 깃털의 중금속 농도를 파악하기 위하여 서울시에 서식하는 집비둘기를 서식지 환경에 따라 공단, 상업, 공원 및 주거지역으로 나누어 각 지역에 서식하는 개체들을 채집, 중금속 농도를 측정하였다. 깃털 중 철(Fe)의 농도는 공원지역에서, 망간(Mn)은 공업지역과 공원지역에서, 구리(Cu)는 공원지역에서 다른 지역에 비해 월등히 높게 나타났으며, 각 원소별로 지역간에 유의차가 존재하였다(ANOVA, p<0.05). 또한 아연(Zn)은 도심상업지역에서, 납(Pb)은 공업지역에서, 카드뮴(Cd)은 주거지역이 다른지역에 비해 약간 높았지만 지역별로 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 간에서의 중금속농도와 깃털에서의 중금속농도와의 상관관계는 구리(r²=0.983, p<0.01)와 카드뮴(r²=0.632, p<0.01)에서 고도의 유의차가 나타났지만, 다른 원소에서는 유의성이 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.224-234
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• 2007

This study aimed to examine the harmful effects of Mn and Fe, which may be generated as dust or fume in the industrial sites, on the body and genital organs by their inhalation. It is intended to find the characteristics and differences of the hazardousness by inhaling a single and the mixed materials of Mn and Fe. Male F344 rats were divided into the control group and 3 exposed groups on the basis of the test material compound (Mn $1.5mg/m^3$, Mn 1.5 and Fe $3.0mg/m^3$, Fe $3.0mg/m^3$). The 4 groups were divided into 4 subgroups again on the basis of the exposure period (4 and 13 weeks) and the recovery period (4 and 13 weeks). The exposure condition was 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for the whole body. Clinical tests including changes in weight and feed rate, blood biochemical test, motility change, changes in the number and the amount of spermatozoon (sperm count), daily sperm production (DSP), deformity test of spermatozoon and changes in the accumulation of Mn and Fe in blood and internal organs were performed. Motility was reduced by Mn exposure. Especially, the effect of Mn was exposure period responsible. By mixing with Fe, no significant change in motility Mn and Fe accumulation in organs was observed. Sperm count and daily sperm production (DSP) were decreased by Mn. Additional effect like the reduction of sperm count and DSP, and delayed restoration of sperm count and DSP during the recovery period were observed in the mixed exposure group. These results indicate that Mn and Fe may affect the motility reduced and has male reproductive toxicity. Mixed exposure of Mn and Fe lead to synergic effects on the male reproductive toxicity.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.302-312
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• 2017

Objectives: In this study, an evaluation of the working environment of furnace workers was performed and the work-relatedness of the occupational diseases were examined Methods: In this study, two electric furnaces at a single casting business site producing manganese-based iron alloy were selected, and occupational exposures to hazardous substances were evaluated for furnace workers and furnace worker assistants. Results: As a result, total dust concentration were $0.407{\sim}3.001mg/m^3$ and respirable dust concentration were $0.196{\sim}0.584mg/m^3$. The highest concentration of crystalline silica was $0.079mg/m^3$ In the case of Masato and Sosuckwhoi crystalline silica, they contained 90.85% and 4.17% respectively. Manganese concentration was the highest at a $0.205mg/m^3$ maximum. The average of black carbon is $11.56{\mu}g/m^3$ and the maximum concentration is $604.23{\mu}g/m^3$. PAHs concentration was the highest at a $78.301{\mu}g/m^3$ of naphthalene. The concentration of carbon monoxide was 18.82 ppm(total average 3.89 ppm) during pouring, and the maximum is 131 ppm. The formaldehyde concentration was 0.003 to 0.007 ppm. Conclusions: It seems that conditions in the past were worse, since casting has recently been performed only twice per day for about 20 minutes, reducing the amount of pouring, and local exhaust systems have been installed one-by-one. In addition, it was judged that the past exposure levels were higher considering the points measured on the back-side due to the risk of damage to the individual samples. It was found that operators could be exposed to high concentrations of crystalline silica, and that they were also exposed to high concentrations of metal(fume) and carbon monoxide during pouring. Therefore, there is a risk that occupational diseases such as lung cancer and COPD may occur with long-term work in such a process.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn), (Ca vs Na), (Ca vs Mn), (Ni vs Cr), (Na vs Mn), (Cr vs Cd), (Zn vs Cd), (Cu vs Cd), (Ni vs Cd), (Cu vs Ni), (K vs Zn), (Cu vs K), (Cu vs Cr), (K vs Cd), (Zn vs Cr), (K vs Ni), (Zn vs Ni), (K vs Cr), and (Fe vs Cu). The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 mg/l or 100 mg/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 mg/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metal-containing particulate matter.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2009

망간은 정소 독성을 나타내며, 뇌기저핵에 작용하여 혈청 프로락틴의 농도를 증가시킨다. 그리고 혈청 프로락틴 농도 상승에 의한 과프로락틴혈증(hyperprolactinemia)은 정소의 정자 생성을 억제한다. 본 연구에서는 망간의 전신 노출이 흰쥐 정소의 정자 생산과 혈청 프로락틴 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실험동물을 대조군 $(0.0mg/m^3)$과 망간 노출군 (Mn $1.5mg/m^3$)으로 나누고, 노출군은 다시 노출 기간에 따라 4주와 13주 노출군 등 4군으로 분류하였다(n=10). 노출 기간에 따라 실험동물의 체중 변화와 사료 섭취량 등 일반적 소견 관찰, 혈액과 정소의 망간 농도, 정자의 수와 기형 등을 관찰하였다. 그리고 망간 노출에 따른 혈청 프로락틴 농도를 조사하여 망간 노출 조건에 따른 혈청 프로락틴 농도 변화 및 정소 독성을 조사하였다. 망간 노출 4주 및 13주군에서 노출기간에 따라 혈액 및 정소의 망간 농도가 유의하게 증가되었다. 대조군에 비하여 망간 노출군에서 노출기간에 따라 정자의 수가 감소되었으며, small head와 bent tail 등 기형 정자의 빈도는 증가하였다. 혈청 프로락틴의 농도는 망간 투여군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 실험동물의 체중 변화 및 사료 섭취량은 실험군간에 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과들로 보아 $1.5mg/m^3$ 농도의 아만성 망간 노출은 흰쥐의 혈청 프로락틴 농도를 증가시키고, 정소 독성의 원인으로 추정된다. 그리고 전신 노출에 의한 망간의 흰쥐 정소 독성의 무유해영향농도(NOAEL)는 $1.5mg/m^3$ 이하로 예측된다.

• 한국패션뷰티학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2004

This study is to measure the heavy metal content of permanent wave products which on marketing correctly as estimating the extent of exposure by a hair permanent wave scientifically. We would like to prevent an affair from arising health obstruction as to the heavy metal who is using those and also show the basic data for proposing the new standard. The results were as follows.: in case of the average heavy metal content for a wave type thioglycol acid ingredient includes 1.61ppm(Pb), 0.03ppm(Cd), 0.05ppm(Ni), 0.27ppm(Mn), 0.82ppm(Cu) and those were recognized the significant gap between products all the heavy metals. In case of a cysteine acid ingredient includes 0.86ppm(Pb), 0.01ppm(Cd), 0.05ppm(Ni), 0.20ppm(Mn) and 0.66ppm(Cu) and those were recognized the significant gap between products except a nickel. Straight type of permanent wave reductant includes 2.11ppm(Pb), 0.01ppm(Cd), 0.27ppm(Ni), 0.66ppm(Mn), 2.53ppm(Cu) and those were recognized the significant gap between products all the heavy metals. Permanent wave reducing agent includes 1.43ppm(Pb), 0.01ppm(Cd), 0.09ppm(Ni), 0.66ppm(Mn), 0.75ppm(Cu) and those were approved the significant gap between products except a cadmium. Exposure level of the heavy metal contents per onetime permanent waving were 242.3ppm(Pb), 2.5ppm(Cd), 17.7ppm(Ni), 89.0ppm(Mn), 174.7ppm(Cu).