• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 1998.02a
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• pp.48-59
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• 1998

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2018

This paper investigates how adult Mandarin- and English- speaking learners of Korean perceive Korean vowels, with focus on the effect of the first language (L1) and the second language (L2) acoustic relationship, as well as the influence of Korean language experience. For this study, native Mandarin and Canadian English speakers who have learned Korean as a foreign language, as well as a control group of native Korean speakers, participated in two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to examine acoustic similarities between Korean and English vowels, as well as Korean and Mandarin vowels to predict which Korean vowels are relatively easy, or difficult for L2 learners to perceive. The linear discriminant analysis (Klecka, 1980) based on their L1-L2 acoustic similarity predicted that L2 Mandarin learners would have perceptual difficulty rankings for Korean vowels as follows: (the easiest) /i, a, e/ >> /ɨ, ʌ, o, u/ (most difficult), whereas L2 English learners would have perceptual difficulty rankings for Korean vowels as follows: (the easiest) /i, a, e, ɨ, ʌ/ >> /o, u/ (most difficult). The goal of Experiment 2 was to test how accurately L2 Mandarin and English learners perceive Korean vowels /ɨ, ʌ, o, u/ which are considered to be difficult for L2 learners. The results of a mixed-effects logistic model revealed that English listeners showed higher identification accuracy for Korean vowels than Mandarin listeners, indicating that having a larger L1 vowel inventory than the L2 facilitates L2 vowel perception. However, both groups have the same ranking of Korean vowel perceptual difficulty: ɨ > ʌ > u > o. This finding indicates that adult learners of Korean can perceive the new vowel /ɨ/, which does not exist in their L1, more accurately than the vowel /o/, which is acoustically similar to vowels in their L1, suggesting that L2 learners are more likely to establish additional phonetic categories for new vowels. In terms of the influence of experience with L2, it was found that identification accuracy increases as Korean language experience rises. In other words, the more experienced English and Mandarin learners of Korean are, the more likely they are to have better identification accuracy in Korean vowels than less experienced learners of Korean. Moreover, there is no interaction between L1 background and L2 experience, showing that identification accuracy of Korean vowels is higher as Korean language experience increases regardless of their L1 background. Overall, these findings of the two experiments demonstrated that acoustic similarity between L1 and L2 sounds using the LDA model can partially predict perceptual difficulty in L2 acquisition, indicating that other factors such as perceptual similarity between L1 and L2, the merge of Korean /o/ and /u/ may also influence their Korean vowel perception.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Recently, the need for a method to cultivate 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin has been increasing. However, there is limited information available as this is a new Satsuma mandarin cultivar, which was bred by the RDA in 2004. Many farmers who cultivate this cultivar follow the cultivation method similar to that used for 'Miyagawa' Satsuma mandarin, and suffer low production of optimum-sized fruits. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to find out the optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit for the stable production of high quality 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin fruits in a non-heated plastic film house. Seven-year-old 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin trees were used in the study. Before the treatment, the leaf-to-fruit ratio ranged from 5.7 to 17.9. The treatments included 10, 20, 30, and 40 leaves per fruit. The fruits were removed if over fruiting was observed at day 60 after full bloom. We investigated the fruit size and quality on the day of harvest. Flowering and fruiting patterns in each treatment were recorded for the following year. In the experiments, the flower-to-leaf ratio was 1.12 to 1.74. As the leaf-to-fruit ratio decreased, the fruit size and weight also decreased. Contrarily, the higher the ratio of leaf-to-fruit, the higher fruit size and weight were. It was noted that the ratio of 20:1 was ideal to produce the M grade optimum-sized Satsuma mandarin fruits on the day of harvest. However, higher ratio might result in fruits weighting above 100 g. There was no difference among the treatments in terms of fruit quality, such as total soluble solid contents, titratable acid, and color. In the subsequent years, flowering and fruiting in the treatments were lowered when the leaf number per fruit was 10, but they were improved when the leaf number per fruit was above 20. CONCLUSION: Based on the above results, the optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit was found to be 20:1 for flowering and fruiting of 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin. It is important that optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit is set as a standard to produce good grade and quality of 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin fruits.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2017

Citrus blast caused by bacterium Pseudomonas syringae is a very important disease of citrus occuring in many areas of the world, but with few data about genetic structure of the pathogen involved. Considering the above fact, this study reports genetic characterization of 43 P. syringae isolates obtained from plant tissue displaying citrus blast symptoms on mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in Montenegro, using multilocus sequence analysis of gyrB, rpoD, and gap1 gene sequences. Gene sequences from a collection of 54 reference pathotype strains of P. syringae from the Plant Associated and Environmental Microbes Database (PAMDB) was used to establish a genetic relationship with our isolates obtained from mandarin. Phylogenetic analyses of gyrB, rpoD, and gap1 gene sequences showed that P. syringae pv. syringae causes citrus blast in mandarin in Montenegro, and belongs to genomospecies 1. Genetic homogeneity of isolates suggested that the Montenegrian population might be clonal which indicates a possible common source of infection. These findings may assist in further epidemiological studies of this pathogen and for determining mandarin breeding strategies for P. syringae control.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2017

This study was carried out to explore a new application of the by-products sawdust, formed during sawing and mandarin peels which are agricultural by-products. The boards were manufactured by mixing the sawdust and mandarin peels at different mixing ratio and density. The boards were then converted to ceramics by various percentage of resin impregnation and at different carbonization temperatures. As the percentage of resin impregnation increased, the weight loss was decreased; on the other hand, density, linear shrinkage and thickness shrinkage increased. As the carbonization temperature increased, the weight loss was increased and linear thickness shrinkage increased to $1000^{\circ}C$ and the subsequent increase was insufficient. As the percentage of mandarin peels addition increased, the weight loss, linear shrinkage and thickness shrinkage was decreased.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1999

The virus infection rates and disease symptoms of three major citrus viruses, citrus tristeza virus (CTV), satsuma dwarf virus (SDV), and citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV), were investigated at 35 citrus orchards in Cheju Island from 1995. The infection rates of CTV, SDV, and CTLV were 69.8%, 8.6%, and 9.3%, respectively. However, depending on cultivars there were significant differences in the infection rates. The infection rates of CTV were highest in early satsuma mandarin (Citrusunshiu) with 80.9% and lowest in very early satsuma mandarin with 51.9%. In SDV, the highest was in very early stasuma mandarin with 23.1% and the lowest was in early satsuma mandarin with 6.3%. And the highest infection rate in very early satsuma mandarin with 17.9% and the lowest in tangors with 7.3% in CTLV. The symptoms of virus-infected citrus were very diverse; small and abnormal shape of fruits, abnormal leaves such as narrow boat and small spoon shapes of leaves, stem-pitting on the twig, bud-union crease and swelling of the graft part, reduction of the plant vigor and poor yields.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.219-223
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• 2005

[ $\beta-Cryptoxanthin$ ] content was determined in Shiranuhi mandarin fruits harvested at monthly intervals from October to February in Jeju Island. Crude carotenoids were extracted from both peel and flesh of Shiranuhi mandarin fruits and analyzed using TLC and HPLC; $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ was indicated the Rr value of 3.2 and retention time of 23 min, respectively. $\beta-Cryptoxanthin$ contents in both peel and flesh were increased gradually as the citrus fruits ripened fully until harvesting season (February). According to the harvesting time, $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ contents in the peel were $0.15\;mg\%\;(October),\;0.28\;mg\%\;(November),\;0.38\;mg\%\;(December),\;1.23\;mg\%\;(January),\;and\;1.71\;mg\%\;(February).$In the flesh, $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ contents were lower than those of peels, having $0.06\;mg\%\;(October),\;0.08\;mg\%\;(November),\;0.19\;mg\%\;(December),\;0.26\;mg\%\;(January),\;and\;0.65\;mg\%\;(February).$ These results demonstrate that $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ in Shiranuhi mandarin fruits accumulated during ripening of the citrus fruits. In particular, the peels had much higher concentrations of $\beta-cryptoxanthin$ and have potential for use as a functional ingredient.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.393-400
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• 2010

Uniform and rapid pre-drying of mandarin is important to improve the storage quality. The aim of this study was to suggest the basic design of forced ventilated pre-drying facility for mandarin by thermal flow analysis using computational fluid dynamics software (FLUENT 6.2). Developed CFD simulation model was verified by comparison with experimental data. Airflows and temperature distributions in the five conceptional designs including existing ordinary temperature storage rooms were analyzed and appropriate basic design was determined. Analysis of the effect of arrangement of windows and exhaust fans on thermal flow in facility was carried out for more detailed design. The results of this investigation showed that the predicted airflow velocity by CFD simulation showed a good agreement with the measured value and optimum design condition for simulated forced ventilated pre-drying facility of mandarin has two exhaust fans and two windows on both sidewalls and cover on loaded mandarin.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.865-869
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• 2008

Effects of chitosan coating on respiration rate and internal gas composition of 'Fuji' apple and 'Satsuma' mandarin were investigated and compared to wax emulsions and two commercial coating materials. Chitosan coating reduced respiration rate significantly (p<0.05) in 'Fuji' apple and 'Satsuma' mandarin compared to uncoated and other coating materials. Chitosan coating on 'Fuji' apple showed the highest $CO_2$ and the lowest $O_2$ concentration in the internal gas composition at $5^{\circ}C$ but showed no differences compared to other coating materials at $20^{\circ}C$. 'Satsuma' mandarin showed significantly high $CO_2$ concentration in chitosan coating at $20^{\circ}C$ but there were not significant differences among coating materials in $CO_2$ and $O_2$ composition at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.303-307
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• 1998

Citrus scab caused warty and scabby lesions on the surface of leaves, twigs and fruits of Satsuma mandarin. Warty lesions were mainly developed before July but scabby ones were developed during summer season in Cheju island, Korea. The casual organism of scab was morphologically identified as Sphaceloma fawcettii and was thought to be Tryon's pathotype of Elsinoe fawcettii, because it was pathogenic on rough lemon and Cleopatra mandarin but non-pathogenic on sour orange, grapefruit and sweet orange among the 5 differential hosts of E. fawcettii.