• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.53-66
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to assess the need for wedding etiquette training for couples in order to provide basic educational materials for brides and grooms-to-be. This survey consisted of 43 questions. The questions pertaining to the need for wedding etiquette training were measured using the 5-point Likert scale. The survey was conducted between September 1st, 2011 and December 1st, 2011. The research subjects consisted of 230 brides and grooms-to-be. Questionnaires were analyzed by frequency analysis, F-test, t-test, and correlation analysis using SPSS/win17.0. Based on our findings, we would like to make the following proposals and conclusions. First, as the importance of a wedding education program could be ascertained, educational demands need to be gathered and applied to the operation of such programs. The education and training programs need to be activated by wedding preparation education centers or the Health and Family Support Center, on weekends or week nights 3 months prior to a couple's wedding ceremony. Second, wedding etiquette training content needs to be included in existing education programs that primarily focus on helping couples adapt to married life. Such training content should specifically include the etiquette of exchanging wedding presents, home life etiquette, etiquette for the formal meeting between the families of the bride and bridegroom, pyebaek etiquette and ham (a box of wedding gifts sent by a bridegroom to his bride before the wedding) etiquette. Third, when examining the particulars of the need for wedding etiquette training, we came to the conclusion that couples should be properly educated about the meaning and value of the wedding presents, pyebaek and ham that are required during traditional wedding ceremonies. Fourth, the need for wedding etiquette training was shown to be higher for women than for men. It was also higher for individuals in specialized fields than for ordinary company employees. Wedding etiquette training programs need to be structured with such considerations in mind. Fifth, when structuring the program for wedding etiquette training, the correlation of the needs for training should be considered. It is necessary to prepare training plans by dividing the program into the following categories: the formal meeting between the families of the bride and the bridegroom, ham and wedding presents, wedding ceremony etiquette, pyebaek, and home life etiquette training.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.49-69
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to derive contextual indicators of medical provider quality and assess their relative importance along with the individual utilization of antenatal care (ANC) and institutional births with a skilled birth attendant (SBA) in India using a multilevel framework. Methods: The 2015~2016 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from India was used to assess the outcomes of neonatal, infant, and under-five child mortality. The final analytic sample included 182,980 children across 28,283 communities, 640 districts, and 36 states and union territories. The contextual indicators of medical provider quality for districts and states were derived from the individual-level number of ANC visits (<4 or ${\geq}4$) and institutional delivery with SBA. A series of random effects logistic regression models were estimated with a stepwise addition of predictor variables. Results: About half of the mothers (47.3%) had attended ${\geq}4$ ANC visits and 75.8% delivered in institutional settings with SBAs. Based on ANC visits, 276~281 districts (43.1~43.9%) and 13~16 states (36.5~44.4%) were classified as "low" quality areas, whereas 268~285 districts (41.9~44.5%) and 8~9 states (22.2~25.0%) were classified as "low" quality areas based on institutional delivery with SBAs. Conditional on a comprehensive set of covariates, the individual use of both ANC and SBA were significantly associated with all mortality outcomes (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.26, and OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.19, respectively, for under-five child mortality) and remained robust even after adjusting for contextual indicators of medical provider quality. Districts and states with low quality were associated with 57~61% and 27~43% higher odds of under-five child mortality, respectively. Conclusion: When simultaneously considered, district- and state-level provider quality mattered more than individual access to care for all mortality outcomes in India. Further investigations are needed to assess the importance of improving the quality of health service delivery at higher levels to prevent unnecessary child deaths in developing countries.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.438-450
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of brand prestige on luxury marketing variables (patrons' perception of well-being, favorable inequity, affective commitment, and dedicational behaviors) in the luxury restaurant industry. Based on a thorough literature review, the clear definitions of each construct were established and theoretical causal relationships between the seven constructs were proposed (brand prestige, perception of well-being, favorable inequity, affective commitment, enhancement, advocacy, and brand consciousness). During this process, the moderating role of brand consciousness was also suggested. Integrating the proposed theoretical hypotheses, a structural model was created. This model was tested using the data collected from 527 luxury restaurant patrons in the United States. Data analysis revealed that brand prestige is a key determinant of favorable inequity and patrons' perception of well-being, thereby inducing two types of dedicational behaviors (enhancement and advocacy). More importantly, during this process, brand consciousness played a moderating role in the relationship between brand prestige and patrons' perception of well-being. Based on the data analysis results, the theoretical/practical implications were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2000

This study was carried out with 436 college students in Chungnam to investigate the relationship between residences and eating patterns of college students. The subjects were devided into two groups; those who live in self-boarding house(SB) and home with parents(HWP). The results were as follows. An average height, weight and BMI were 173.5cm, 66.0kg and 21.9 in male SB and 161.8cm, 50.2kg and 19.2 in female SB and 172.9cm, 67.6kg and 22.6 in male HWP and 161.2cm, 50.9kg and 19.6 in female HWP, respectively. There were no significant differences in the general characteristics between the SB and the HWP. The proportions of disease possession, vitamin/mineral supplements and physical exercise were not significantly different between two groups by residences. Sleeping time of the SB was longer than that of the HWP. And, frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking of the SB were higher than those of the HWP. The proportions of skipping meals in the SB were higher than those in the HWP. Approximately 40.42% of the SB tended to skip the breakfast, while 11.26% of the HWP did. It turns out that the most common reason why skipped meals was due to a eating habit(44.21%) in the SB and a lack of time(48.85%) in the HWP, respectively. The survey shows that while a great majority of the SB had lunch at campus(50.00%) and home(30.00%), the HWP ate lunch at campus(33.79%) and restaurant(33.33%). About 48% of the SB ate out more than 2-3 times a week compared to 42% of the HWP. The daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, niacin and vitamin C in the SB were significantly higher than those in the HWP. The percent RDAs of calcium and iron intakes were lower in female students than in male students. In conclusions, students of self-boarding had more dietary problems than students of home with parents. These results suggest that college students of self-boarding might have low ability of meal management. Therefore, nutrition education for college students is needed, and menus of campus cafeterias should be developed to meet the various needs of students.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.11-19
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• 2014

The objective of this research was to investigate concentration and load of nutrients such as total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) total phosphorous (TP), and phosphate phosphorous ($PO_4$-P) in a 23.4-ha paddy fields watershed with river water source. Water samples for irrigation water, drainage water, ponded water and groundwater were collected, and irrigation and drainage water were measured at 5~10 day intervals during normal days and at 2~6 hours intervals during three storm events. The amount of irrigation water in the study area was over 2,000 mm, which is almost identical to that in the area irrigated from a large reservoir but much more than that in the area irrigated from a pumping station. Mean flow-weighted concentrations of TN and TP in irrigation water were 2.8 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively, higher than those in the area irrigated from a large reservoir or a pumping station. The ratios of irrigation load to total inflow load for TN and TP were 88 %, and the ratios of surface outflow load to total outflow load for TN and TP were over 90 %, indicating that total nutrient load may be greatly affected by water management. The nutrient loads per area in the study area were estimated as TN 21.1 kg/ha and TP 1.1 kg/ha. Especially, the TP load per area in the study area was smaller than that in the area irrigated from a large reservoir or a pumping station. This may be because outflow load is not high likely due to sedimentation of particulate P and irrigation water load is high due to high TP concentration in irrigation water and high amount of irrigation water.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-147
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health promoting behavior and satisfaction of life in female undergraduate students, to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention in order to improve satisfaction of life. The subjects of this study were 345 female undergraduate students living in Jecheon city who were selected by convenience sampling. The data was collected through self-reported questionnaires from Oct. 2 to Dec. 20, 2001. Research instruments used in this study were the health promoting lifestyle profile developed by Walker et al(1987), satisfaction of life developed by Pavot and Diener(1993), perceived health status by Lawston et al(1982), self-esteem by Rosenberg(1965), self-efficacy by Becker et al(1993), health locus of control by Wallston et al(1978). The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/Win program. The results of this study were as follows； 1) The mean score of health promoting behavior was 2.31 point out of 4. Among the sub-levels of health promoting behavior, the order of importance was the following self-actualization(2.76), interpersonal support(2.75), stress management(2.31), nutrition(2.06), health responsibility(1.83), exercise(1.76). The mean score of satisfaction of life was 4.11 point out of 7. 2) The health promoting behavior showed significant positive correlation with perceived health status, self-esteem, self-efficacy, internal health locus of control, powerful others health locus of control. The satisfaction of life showed significant positive correlation with perceived health status, self-esteem, self-efficacy, internal health locus of control, health promoting behavior. 3) In the relationship between general characteristics and health promoting behavior, there was a significant difference in majors(F＝8.50, p＝.000). In the relationship between general characteristics and satisfaction of life were significant differences in a grades(F＝2.67, p＝.04) and economic status of parents(F＝8.59, p＝.000) 4) The most powerful predictor of health promoting behavior was self-efficacy. A combination of self-efficacy, self-esteem and powerful others health locus of control accounted for 34.7% of the variance in health promoting behavior. The most powerful predictor of satisfaction of life was self-esteem. A combination of self-esteem, health promoting behavior, perceived health status, economic status of parents and grade accounted for 34.0% of the variance in satisfaction of life. In conclusion, we need a health promotion program focusing on exercise, health responsibility and nursing strategies enhancing self-efficacy and self-esteem should be developed to promote a healthy lifestyle and satisfaction of life in female college students.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Background: In the study, the effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the nitrogen content, carbon content, and C:N ratio of seven rare and endangered species (Quercus gilva, Hibiscus hambo, Paliurus ramosissimus, Cicuta virosa, Bupleurum latissimum, Viola raddeana, and Iris dichotoma) were examined under control (ambient $CO_2$ + ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$ + elevated temperature) for 3 years (May 2008 and June 2011). Results: Elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature result in a decline in leaf nitrogen content for three woody species in May 2009 and June 2011, while four herb species showed different responses to each other. The nitrogen content of B. latissimum and I. dichotoma decreased under treatment in either 2009 and 2011. The leaf nitrogen content of C. virosa and V. raddeana was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature in 2009, but that of C. virosa increased and that V. raddeana decreased under the treatment in 2011. In 2009, it was found that there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of the six species except for that of P. ramosissimus. On the other hand, while there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of Q. gilva in the control and treatment in 2011, carbon content in the leaves of the remaining six species increased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. The C:N ratio in the leaf of C. virosa grown in the treatment was lower in both 2009 and 2011 than that in the control. The C:N ratio in the leaf of V. raddeana decreased by 16.4% from the previous year, but increased by 28.9% in 2011. For the other five species, C:N ratios increased both in 2009 and 2011. In 2009 and 2011, chlorophyll contents in the leaves of Q. gilva and H. hamabo were higher in the treatment than those in the control. In the case of P. ramosissimus, the ratio was higher in the treatment than that in the control in 2009, but in 2011, the result was the opposite. Among four herb species, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves of C. virosa, V. raddeana, and I. dichotoma did not show any difference between gradients in 2009, but decreased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature in 2011. Leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, C:N ratio, and chlorophyll contents in the leaves of seven rare and endangered species of plant were found to be influenced by the rise and duration of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, species, and interaction among those factors. Conclusions: The findings above seem to show that long-term rise of $CO_2$ concentration, and temperature causes changes in physiological responses of rare and endangered species of plant and the responses may be species-specific. In particular, woody species seem to be more sensitive to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature than herb species.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2020

The organic carbon in the ambient particulate matter (PM) is divided into primary organic carbon (POC) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) by their formation way. To regulate PM effectively, the estimation of the amount of POC and SOC separately is one of important consideration. Since SOC cannot be measured directly, previous studies have evaluated determination of SOC by the EC tracer method. The EC tracer method is a method of estimating the SOC value from calculating the POC by determining (OC/EC)pri which is the ratio of the measured values of OC and EC from the primary combustion source. In this study, three different ways were applied to OC and EC concentrations in PM_2.5 measured at Seoul for determining (OC/EC)pri: 1) the minimum value of OC/EC ratio during the measurement period; 2) regression analysis of OC vs. EC to select the lower 5-20% OC/EC ratio; 3) determining the OC/EC ratio which has lowest correlation coefficient value (R²) between EC and SOC which is reported as minimum R squared method (MRS). Each (OC/EC)pri ratio of three ways are 0.35, 1.22, and 1.77, respectively from the 1 hourly data. We compared the (OC/EC)pri ratio from 1hourly data with 24 hourly data and revealed that (OC/EC)pri estimated from 24 hourly data had twice larger than 1hourly data due to the low time resolution of sampling. We finally confirmed that the most appropriate value of (OC/EC)pri is that calculated by a regression analysis of 1 hourly data and estimated SOC amounts at PM_2.5 of the Seoul atmosphere.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.87-104
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• 2013

This study attempts to effectively manage service orientation for deluxe hotel buffet restaurant workers in the kitchen organization. For this, the organization's service orientation in the relationship between employees' job satisfaction and organization performance was empirically tested. A survey was conducted to 300 restaurant employees working in the buffet kitchen of deluxe hotels in seoul. 276 copies of questionnaire were selected to take a regression analysis using Amos 16.0. The results of the test are as follows. First, the effect of service orientation on employee's job satisfaction showed that service leadership and service system of service orientation were significant factors about it. Second, hypothesis testing for the effect of service orientation on organization performance showed that human resource management of service orientation was a significant factor about it. The effect of employee's job satisfaction on organizational performance was significant as shown in previous studies. In conclusion, service leadership and service system should be a priority in order to improve service orientation and job satisfaction because employee's job satisfaction and organization performance have a direct relationship.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1-24
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Engel coefficient, Angel coefficient and Schwabe index influencing Household head's life satisfaction. For this study, the data from the 8th analysis of the 2013 Korea Welfare Panel Survey conducted by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs were used. For the sample, 903 male Household heads with children under the age of 18, were selected. For statistical analysis, SPSS program (Ver. 21.0) was used. And for statistical methods, frequency and percentile, mean and standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, one way analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple range tests, multiple regression analysis were used. The findings are as follows. First, as a results of analyzing the food costs, education costs and housing costs depending on Income Quintile, the food costs and education costs in the 5th Income Quintile compared with other Income Quintile, were highest. Also, the highest housing cost was in the 2nd Income Quintile, while the least housing cost was in the 1st Income Quintile. Second, by analyzing the differences of Engel coefficient, Angel coefficient and Schwabe index according to Income Quintile, the results show that Engel coefficient and Schwabe index decreases as Income Quintile increases, and Angel coefficient increases as Income Quintile becomes higher. Third, the level of HH's life satisfaction according to Income Quintile, 1st Income Quintile, 2nd Income Quintile, 4th Income Quintile, 3rd Income Quintile, 5th Income Quintile in order, increased. Fourth, as the result of analyzing the influence of Variables related to household and demographics about Engel coefficient, Angel coefficient and Schwabe index, it was shown that the variables effecting Engel coefficient, Angel coefficient, and Schwabe index are age, occupations, Number of workers, House ownership, Income Quintile. Fifth, As a result of analyzing the Variables effecting life satisfaction, especially while Schwabe index is not that significant, Engel coefficient and Angel coefficient are shown to have a significant influence. Therefore, the influence of Food costs and education costs can be confirmed.