• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.854-861
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• 1997

CYPRA 21-1 is known to be a cytokeratin 19 fragment, and it can be detected by using two specific monoclonal antibodies (KS 19-1 and BM 19-21) and can be clinically applied as a useful circulating tumor marker The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) expression was evaluated and characterized by its tyrosine protein kinase activity and by its ligand-stimulated autophosphorylation, a property shared with other peptide growth factor receptors. Autocrine or para'urine action was initiated by a growth factor, or by a transforming growth factor o, which had an extensive homology with EGP and which also stimulated tyrosine kinase activity on the EGF-R. The CYFRA 21-1 and the EGF-R levels in 30 patients with primary lung tumors were investigated. There were 24 patients with squamous cell carcinomas and 6 patients with adenocarcinomas. Specimen 5 mm3 in size were sampled at three different locations ; the main lesion, the boundary between the lesion and the unaffected tissue, and the unaffected tissue of the patients. The results were as follows 1. The CYPRA 21-1 concentration in the cancer boundary, the most malignant region,(348.6 : 89.9 ng/ml) was the lowest value. The CYFRA 21-1 concentration in unaffected tissue,(718.4$\pm$77.8 ng/ml) was higher than that in the main lesion. which had intact cellularity. 2. The EGF-R concentration in the main lesion was higher than that in the unaffected tissue, and the EGF-R concentration in a squamous cell cacinoma was higher than that in an adenocarcinoma. also, the EGF-R concentration in the cancer b undary was highest at stage 1, ll. The EGF-R concentration was higher in the main cancer lesion that in the unaffected tissue at stage 111, IV. 3. The CYFRA 21-1 was a cytoplasmic skeleton and the EGF-R was a cell-wall component; there was no correlation. In conclusion, CYFRA 21-1 was abundant in the cytoplasm but had a higher concentration in the unaffected tissue than in the main cancer lesion. The CYFRA 21-1 concentration of the tissue did not reflect the amount of cancer activity, the EGP-R was located in the cell membrane, the level of tissue that reflects cancer activity, so the main cancer lesion had a higher concentration than the unaffected tissue. CYFRA 21-1 is not a useful tumor maker at the tissue level. Because the EGF-R concentration re(looted the cancer activity, its a useful tumor marker for lung cancer.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2008

Purpose: We examined the roles of Ultrasonography conductors by analyzing the results of tissue biopsy of complex cystic masse under the guidance of breast US. Objects and methods: This study was performed to a group of 178 who showed breast US indicating complex cystic masses among 342 patients who were definitely diagnosed by tissue biopsies and operations in our hospital from June 30th, 2003 to June 30th, 2007. The evaluation of tissues around, calcification, the distribution state of blood flow were excluded from the analysis subjects and logic 200 made by GE corporation and gun for core biopsy(Kimal corp., K7/MBD23) were used in this study. Results: The biopsy results of 178 subjects showed FCC (fibrocystic change)(n=56 : 31.4%), Fibrosis (n=41 : 23.0%), Fibroadenoma (n=20 : 11.2%), Epithelial hyperplasia (n=17 : 9.6%), Carcinoma (n=15 : 8.4%), Fibroadipose (n=8 : 4.5%), Sclerosing adenosis (n=7 : 3.9%), Duct ectasia (n=5 : 2.8%), Papiloma (n=5 : 2.8%), and Fat necrosis (n=1 : 0.6%), Hemangioma (n=1 : 0.6%), Abscess (n=1 : 0.6%), Dystrophic calcification(n=1 : 0.6%). Conclusion: The US showed that the results of the tissue biopsy of complex cystic masses were mostly carcinoma(8.4%). Most of them were benign and only 9.6% of epithelial hyperplasia which has high progression rate into malignant tumors epidemically showed malignancy. Most of them were included in the spectrum of fibrous cystic nodule. Even though these results are confirmed, further studies are required. As a result, a nodule which is not certified by US should be right to take the tissue biopsy, but if it's difficult due to patients or another reasons, re-check tests in three months are required. And systemic ultrasonography evaluation should be well recognized to conduct more careful and specific tests.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.1 s.246
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• pp.38-43
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• 2005

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is a class of proteolytic enzymes that digest collagen type IV and other components of the basement membrane. It plays a key role in the local invasion and the formation of distant metastases by various malignant tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of MMP-2 and its significance as a prognostic marker in resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Material and Method: In this study we obtained fresh-frozen samples of tumor and non-tumor tissues from 34 patients with stage I NSCLC who underwent resection without preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. After the extraction of total protein from tissue samples, MMP-2 activities were assessed by gelatin-substrate-zymography. The activities were divided into the higher or lower groups. Result: The MMP-2 activities were higher in tumor tissues than in non-tumor tissues. The MMP-2 activity of non-tumor tissues in recurrent group was higher than in non-recurrent group (p<0.01). Also the patients with higher MMP-2 activity of non-tumor tissues showed poor 5 year survival (p<0.01). Conclusion: This result indicates that the higher level of MMP-2 activity in the non-tumor tissue is associated with the recurrence and survival after the resection of stage I NSCLC. Therefore, MMP-2 activity in the non-tumor tissue could be used as a potential prognostic marker for the resected stage I-NSCLC.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2000

Objective : The clinical prognosis and biological behavior of atypical and especially malignant meningiomas are well known to be worse than benign meningioma, but the degree of biological aggressiveness in each classical subtypes of benign meningioma is controversy. This study was performed to see whether there is a difference in the proliferative activity between each different histological subtypes of benign meningioma as well as atypical meningioma. Methods : Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of 27 meningiomas, including two recurrent tumors, were studied to evaluate proliferative activity by immunohistochemical method with monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and MIB-1. The specimens consisted of 8 cases of meningothelial, 9 cases of transitional, 5 cases of fibroblastic subtypes and 5 cases of atypical meningiomas. Results : Mean PCNA labeling indices of meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic meningiomas were $4.82{\pm}5.10%$, $9.01{\pm}4.25%$ and $5.66{\pm}5.32%$, but that of atypical meningiomas was $27.62{\pm}19.67%$, noting a higher value compared to all three subtypes of benign meningiomas. Mean Ki-67 labeling indices of the above 3 subtypes were $0.43{\pm}0.85%$, $0.44{\pm}1.08%$ and $0.24{\pm}0.18%$, and that of atypical meningiomas was also revealed to be of higher value ($0.84{\pm}0.59%$). PCNA and Ki-67 labeling indices were not statistically different between histological subtypes of benign meningioma(p>0.05), but the differences of both immunolabeling between benign and atypical meningiomas were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion : Immunolabeling of PCNA and Ki-67 in intracranial meningiomas reveals no prognostic difference between meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic subtypes in classical benign meningiomas by measuring expression of PCNA and Ki-67, but it seems to be helpful in differentiating benign and atypical meningioma, later showing more proliferative activity and biological aggressiveness.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2004

Background : The role of second-line chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is known to be limited. Recently, ZD1839, the small molecule epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been developed and has shown anti-tumor activity in patients with solid malignant tumors including lung cancer. We evaluated the response rate and toxicities of ZD1839 in patients with advanced NSCLC which has progressed after previous chemotherapy. Patients and Methods : We examined 83 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with ZD1839 for more than 1 month in Korea Cancer Center Hospital during the period from January 2002 to September 2003. All the patients were enrolled in the international expanded access program (EAP) with ZD1839 by AstraZeneca. The administered dose of ZD1839 was 250 mg once daily. Chest radiography and laboratory tests were followed-up. We evaluated the response rate, median survival, and toxicity after treatment. Results : Median age of the patients was 59 years (range 33-76). The most predominant cell type was adenocarcinoma and the most stage of the patients was IV. ECOG performance status was as follows; grade 0-1 in 10, grade 2 in 42, and grade 3 in 31 patients. Partial response was achieved in 12 patients (14.5%). Median overall survival was 9.2 (range 1.3-21.6+) months and median time to progression was 3.1 (range 1-21.2+) months. The most common adverse effect of ZD1839 was skin eruption which developed in 25 patients (25.8%). Significantly higher response rate and survival was found in patients with adenocarcinoma or good performance status. Conclusion : ZD1839 showed modest activity and tolerable toxicity in the treatment for patients with NSCLC which has progressed after previous chemotherapy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 1999

Background: NF-$\kappa$B is a characteristic transcriptional factor whose functional activity is determined by post-translational modification of protein and subsequent change of subcellular localization. The involvement of the NF-$\kappa$B family of the transcription factors in the control of such vital cellular functions as immune response, acute phase reaction, replication of certain viruses and development and differentiation of cells has been clearly documented in many previous studies. Several recent observations have suggested that the NF-$\kappa$B might also be involved in the carcinogenesis of some hematological and solid tumors. Investigating the possibility that members of the NF-$\kappa$B family participate in the molecular control of malignant cell transformation could provide invaluable information on both molecular pathogenesis and cancer-related gene therapy. Method: To determine the expression patterns and functional roles of NF-$\kappa$B family transcription factors in human lung cancer cell lines NCI-H792, NCI-H709, NCI-H226 and NCI-H157 were analysed by western blot, using their respective antibodies. The nuclear and the cytoplasmic fraction of protein extract of these cell lines were subsequently obtained and NF-$\kappa$B expression in each fraction was again determined by western blot analysis. The type of NF-$\kappa$B complex present in the cells was determined by immunoprecipitation. To detect the binding ability of cell-line nuclear extracts to the KB consensus oligonucleotide, electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) was performed. Results: In the cultured human lung cancer cell lines tested, transcription factors of the NF-$\kappa$B family, namely the p50 and p65 subunit were expressed and localized in the nuclear fraction of the cellular extract by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that in the cell, the p50 and p65 subunits made NF-$\kappa$B complex. Finally it was shown by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay(EMSA) that nuclear extracts of lung cancer cell lines are able to bind to NF-$\kappa$B consensus DNA sequences. Conclusion: These data suggest that in human lung cancer cell lines the NF-$\kappa$B p50/p65 complex might be activated. and strengthen the hypothesis that NF-$\kappa$B family transcription factors might be involved in the carcinogenesis of human lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.195-203
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• 1999

Background: Telomerase enzyme activity is not detected in most normal cells, a phonomenon believed to be associated with limitations on cellular proliferation. Since this activity is detected in nearly all human tumor, including lung cancers, it has been suggested that telomerase activation may be coupled to acquisition of malignant phenotype. In this study, we determined whether telomerase activity was associated with tumor pathologic stage. Methods: Primary tumor specimens obtained by bronchoscopic biopsies from 33 patients were analyzed. Telomerase activity was measured by means of a modified Telomeric Repeat Amplication Protocol(TRAP) assay. Results: Telomerase activity was detected in 23 of the 27 non-small-cell lung cancer and 5 of 6 small-cell lung cancer. A few primary tumors did not appear to have detectable telomerase activity. Positive associations were found between the telomerase-positive rate and tumor stage(p<0.05). Conclusion: High telomerase activity is detected frequently in primary lung cancers that exhibit high tumor cell proliferation rates and advanced pathologic stage.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2002

Purpose : In the course of treatment, patients with hematological or oncological disorders often develop pulmonary complication. The patients who develop a severe pulmonary complication have a poor outlook. The causes of pulmonary complication are either infectious or non-infectious in origin. We have analyzed the etiology and outcome of these patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of Asan Medical Center. Methods : Medical records of 95 patients on Pediatric oncology service who were admitted to pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) of Asan Medical Center from Jan 1997 to May 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Results : The mean age of the patients was 8.5 years(2 months-18 years). The underlying malignancies of these 95 patients were as following; acute lymphoblastic leukemia(31 cases), lymphoma (11 cases), acute myeloid leukemia(nine cases), brain tumor(eight cases) and other solid tumors(25 cases). Pulmonary complications included pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, pneumothorax and pleural effusion. The most common cause of pulmonary complication was infection(88%) in etiology. The overall mortality rate was 56.8%. Pulmonary complications in these patients carried high rates of mortality regardless of whether they were immune compromised(76%) or not(69%). Even without pulmonary complications, the hematological or oncological patients admitted to PICU had high mortality rates of 43%. Conclusion : Pulmonary complications are frequent finding in the hematological or oncological patients admitted to Intensive Care Unit. The main etiology of these pulmonary complications was infection, which carried a high mortality rate regardless of their immune status at the time when they were admitted to PICU.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.565-574
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• 1993

Background: Pulmonary hamartomas are benign tumors that occur in the parenchyma or in the bronchi. They present as a solitary pulmonary nodule(SPN) or as a cause of bronchial obstruction. The incidence, once minimal, is increasing in Korea. To get clinical spectrum about the tumor, we analyzed all the reported cases in Korea since 1964. Methods: We reviewed the clinical, radiological and pathological findings of 13 patients of intrapulmonary or endobronchial hamartomas in Severance Hospital and of 38 reported cases in Korea published in literatures from 1964 to 1992 retrospectively. Results: Including 17 endobronchial hamartomas, 54 cases were studied. There were 25 men and 29 women, with a mean age of 47.2 years; 45.3 years in endobronchial type and 51.3 years in parenchymal type. Pulmonary symptoms were present in 8 patients (22%) of intrapulmonary type and in all patients of endobronchial type: cough (65%), dyspnea (53%), sputum (35%), fever (29%) in order. On chest X-rays, atelectasis was seen in 10 patients (59%) in endobronchial type; but SPN was noted in 36 patients (97%) of intrapulmonary type. Calcification was present in 7 intapulmonary hamartomas (23%); but is in 2 endobronchial hamartomas (12%). The diagnostic yield was 6 out of 14(43%) in endobronchial ones; 4 out of 7(57%) in intrapulmonary ones. Fifty patients underwent operations as follows: lobectomy (28), enucleation (8), resection (8), bilobectomy (4), pneumonectomy (2). The hamartomas were 1.2 times more common in the right lung; mean transverse diameter at the time of operation was 2.3 cm in endobronchial type, 3.8 cm in intrapulmonary ones. Chondroid components were present in 11(65%) of 17 endobronehial ones but in 30(91%) of 33 intrapulmonary hamartomas. No malignant changes were seen perioperative period and up to early 1993. Conclusion: The younger age in endobronchial hamartomas, the preponderance of the female sex and the more incidence in the right lung, and the diagnostic choice of lobectomies were different from the studies of the Western countries.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 1990

The ultimate objective of our experiment is to obtain the precise distribution of temperature in malignant tumors occurring in cerebral parenchyme of human beings when we will carry out interstitial hyperthermia in the near future. To achieve this purpose, first of all, it is necessary to make an attempt at performing interstitial hyperthermia in vivo under the similar condition of human beings. Therefore, we chose cats as materials much alike tissue characteristics of human beings. Moreover, it is also necessary to get the basic data from dynamic phantom in order to standardize and compare results obtained from interstitial hyperthermia carried out in cats. By having performed these experiments we got the following results. 1) On doing interstitial hyperthermia with 915 MHz microwave, the possible treated volume was 2 cm by 2 cm by 6 cm according to $50\%$ specific absorption rate (SAR). 2) The distribution of temperature within non-circulated static phantom was much the same as power density in air, but we observed that the temperature, within $5\~10$ minutes, rose to more higher than $55^{\circ}C$ not measured with Ga-As fiberoptic thermistor which was not impeded by microwave after performing interstitial hyperthermia. 3) Within dynamic phantom in which normal saline was circulating, temperature reached steady state which was maintained for more than 45 minutes through transit period in 5 minutes after starting interstitial hyperthermia. 4) When we interrupted circulation in the dynamic phantom, we observed that temperature rose to the same level as in the static phantom. 5) We could carry out interstitial hyperthermia safely when we used the generating power below 5 watts. Abrupt interruption of circulation caused a rapid increase in temperature. Times taking to rise to maximum $55^{\circ}C$ were 15.2 minutes (SE 0.4),9.7 minutes (SE 0.3), and 6.3 min-utes (SE 0.4) respectively with generating powers of 5,10, and 15 watts.