• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 1983

This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of black pepper (BP) added to food on a living body and to determine the growth rate, digestibility, weight of organs, composition of blood and liver in the rat. Fifty-six male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain, weight $120{\pm}10g$, were divided into 4 groups and were fed ad libitum for 8 weeks. Experimental diets were divided into 4 groups. Each groups were separately added 0%, 0.5%, 2.0% and 5.0% of BP level. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The highest net weight of liver and heart generally increased according to increasing amount of BP and that of spleen and lung were not significantly different. Kidney weight was significantly higher in the group of containing 5.0% BP. Serum GOT and GPT were not significant, serum glucose was significantly lower in the group of containing 5.0% BP, and serum cholesterol was significantly higher in the group of containing 5.0% BP. Total serum protein decreased gradually as the amount of BP increased, but albumin and globulin were nor affect. Serum Na and K were not significant, but serum Ca and P were decreased as the amount of BP was increased. Liver crude lipid and crude protein were not affect. In fatty acid composition, arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the group of containing 5.0% BP.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and is led to physical disability. Yet the development of effective disease-modifying treatments has lagged. In this study, I examined the effect of physical therapeutic intervention through microcurrent stimulation and attempt to find which degree of intensity, either 25 ${\mu}A$ or 500 ${\mu}A$ with a regular 5 pps pulse, is more effective in the osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced with a mixture of 2% carrageenan and 2% kaolin in 26 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The mixture (0.1 $m{\ell}$) was injected into the intra-articular capsule of knee joint once a week for three weeks. Five animals did not show degenerative changes by radiological findings and excluded in the following experiment. Osteoarthritic animals were randomly divided into 3 groups ($n_1$, $n_2$, $n_3$=7/each): untreated, treated with 25 ${\mu}A$, treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. All experimental groups received microcurrent stimulation for four weeks (15 min/day, 5 days/week). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis on the walking corridor was accomplished every week. Histological preparations and immunohistochemical staining with insulin-like growth factor-1 were also done in the articular cartilages. All of these parameters were compared with those of osteoarthritic control group (n=7). The ethological inspection of foot print analysis revealed that changes of walking track (paw width) and stride length was significantly increased in both experimental groups. The better results were observed in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity without significance than group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$. Histological preparations disclosed that routine hyaline cartilage of articular surface were altered to fibrous cartilage in untreated group and experimental group treated with 500 ${\mu}A$ intensity. But a little changes were seen in experimental group treated with 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity. Immunolocalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 was simultaneously decreased according to the duration of osteoarthritis, and did not show significant difference among the groups. In this study discovered that the microcurrent stimulation, especially 25 ${\mu}A$ intensity, had a positive effect by the ethological inspection, histological and immunohistochemical stainings. These results suggest that microcurrent stimulation with low-intensity might be effective in the promotion of healing process for the osteoarthritis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.275-294
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• 1994

The occlusal interference during adolescent period makes some effects on growth and development and morphological changes. And so, if we could predict the the timing and results of orthodontic treatment who have occlusal interference during adolescent period, it may be helpful for diagnosis and treatment planning of orthodontic treatment. For about those, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the posterolateral displacement by the metal casting crown with inclined pathway on the mandibular condyle and morphologic changes of mandible in the rat. The experimental animals were thirty six Sprague-Dawley male rats of 8 weeks old. Eight of them was used as control group, and experimental group 1 ( continuous appliance wearing group ) was composed of sixteen and experimental group 2 ( appliance removal group after worn the appliances during 3 months ) was composed of remaining twelve. The animals of experimental grouop 1 were sacrificed after 1, 2, 3, 6 months from beginning of the experiment and experimental group 2 were sacrificed 1, 2, 3 months after removal of the appliance from worn the appliance during 3 months. Both of mandible and temporomandibular joint were observed histologically and radiologically. The results were as follows : 1. In experimental group 1, the mandibular length and lower posterior height were decreased with experimental period, while the lower anterior height was increased, and the curvature of lower incisors and lingual inclination of anterior alveolar bone were profound as compared with control group. 2. In experimental group 1, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thinned in the posterosuperior region, and this phenomenon was more prominent on right than left in 3-Mo experimental period and both sides were marked thinned in 6-Mo experimental period. 3. In experimental group 2, the lower anterior height was low and lower posterior height was high as compared with experimental group 1, and the curvature of lower incisors and lingual inclination of anterior alveolar bone were recovered to control group. 4. In experimental group 2, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thickened in the posterosuperior region, and this phenomenon was more prominent with experimental period. 5. In experimental group 2, the mandibular length was short, lower anterior height was hight, the curvature of lower incisors were profound, and in histologically, both of the thickness of the condylar cartilage were thickened in the posterosuperior region as compared with control group. As shown above, the occlusal interfemce affected the condylar cartilage, curvature of lower incisor, inclination of anterior alveolar bone, mandibular length, and anterior and posterior height. When the interference was removed, significant recover was found in condylar cartilage, mandibular length, and posterior height. Although no significance was found, other items of measurement showed trends for recovery.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.141-148
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• 2006

The effects of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) on salivary glands have been recognized since 1982. The presence of purinergic recepetors(P2Rs) that mediate the effects of ATP in various tissues, including parotid and submandibular salivary gland, has been supported by the cloning of receptor cDNAs and the expression of the receptor proteins. P2Rs have many subtypes, and the activation of these receptor subtypes increase intracellular $Ca^{2+}$, a key ion in the regulation of the secretion in the salivary gland. The apical pores of taste buds in circumvallate and foliate papillae are surrounded by the saliva from von Ebner salivary gland(vEG). Thus, it is important how the secretion of vEG is controlled. This study was designed to elucidate the roles of P2Rs on salivary secretion of vEG. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (about 200 g) were used for this experiment. vEG-rich tissues were obtained from dissecting $500-1,000\;{\mu}m$ thick posterior tongue slices under stereomicroscope view. P2Rs mRNA in vEG acinar cells were identified with RT-PCR. To observe the change in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ activity, we employed $Ca^{2+}-ion$ specific fluorescence analysis with fura-2. Single acinar cells and cell clusters were isolated by a sequential trypsin/collagenase treatment and were loaded with $10\;{\mu}M$ fura -2 AM for 60 minutes at room temperature. Several agonists and antagonists were used to test a receptor specificity. RT-PCR revealed that the mRNAs of $P2X_4$, $P2Y_1$, $P2Y_2$ and $P2Y_3$ are expressed in vEG acinar cells. The intracellular calcium activity was increased in response to $10\;{\mu}M$ ATP, a P2Rs agonist, and 2-MeSATP, a $P2Y_1$ and $P2Y_2R$ agonist. However, $300\;{\mu}M\;{\alpha}{\beta}-MeATP$, a $P2X_1$ and $P2X_3R$ agonist, did not elicit the response. The responses elicited by $10\;{\mu}M$ ATP and UTP, a $P2Y_2R$ agonists, were maintained when extracellular calcium was removed. $10\;{\mu}M$ suramin, a P2XR antagonist, and reactive blue 2, a P2YR antagonist, partially blocked ATP-induced response. However, when extracellular calciums were removed, suramin did not abolish the responses elicited by ATP. These results suggest that P2Rs play an important role in salivary secretion of vEG acinar cells and the effects of ATP on vEG salivary secretion may be mediated by $P2X_4$, $P2Y_1$, $P2Y_2$, and/or $P2Y_3$.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2008

Purpose: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a potent differentiating agent for cells of the osteoblastic lineage. It has been used in the oral cavity under a variety of indications and with different carriers. However, the optimal carrier for each indication is not known. This study evaluated the bone regenerative effect of rhBMP-2 delivered with different carrier systems. Materials and Methods: 8 mm critical-sized rat calvarial defects were used in 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 6 groups containing 10 animals each. Two groups were controls that had no treatment and absorbable collagen membrane only. 4 groups were experimentals that contained rhBMP-2 only and applied with absorbable collagen sponge($Collatape^{(R)}$), $MBCP^{(R)}$, Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ each. The histological and histometric parameters were used to evaluate the defects after 2- or 8-week healing period. The shape and total augmented area were stable in all groups over the healing time. Results: New bone formation was significantly greater in the rhBMP-2 with carrier group than control group. rhBMP-2/ACS was the highest in bone density but gained less new bone area than rhBMP-2/$MBCP^{(R)}$ and rhBMP-2/Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$. The bone density after 8 weeks was greater than that after 2 weeks in all groups. However, rhBMP-2 alone failed to show the statistically significant difference in new bone area and bone density compared to control group. Also $MBCP^{(R)}$ and Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ particles remained after 8 weeks healing period. Conclusion: These results suggest that rhBMP-2 with carrier system is an excellent inductive agent for bone formation and we can use it as the predictable bone tissue engieering technique. Future study will likely focus on the kinetics of BMP release and development of carriers that is ideal for it.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2008

Purpose: Recombining bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is usually acquiredfrom high level animals. Though this method is effective, its high cost limits its use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 with protein transduction domain (BMP-2/PTD;TATBMP-2) on bone regeneration. Rat calvarial defect model and osteoblastic differentiation model using MC3T3 cell were used for the purpose of the study. Materials and Methods: MC3T3 cells were cultured until they reached a confluence stage. The cells were treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 500 ng/ml of BMP-2/PTD for 21 days and at the end of the treatment, osteoblastic differentiation was evaluated usingvon Kossa staining. An 8mm, calvarial, critical-size osteotomy defect was created in each of 48 male Spraque-Dawley rats (weight $250{\sim}300\;g$). Three groups of 16 animals each received either BMP-2/PTD (0.05mg/ml) in a collagen carrier, collagen only, or negative surgical control. And each group was divided into 2 and 8 weeks healing intervals. The groups were evaluated by histologic analysis(8 animals/group/healing intervals) Result: In osteoblastic differentiation evaluation test, a stimulatory effect of BMP-2/PTD was observed in 10ng/ml of BMP-2/PTD with no observation of dose-dependent manner. The BMP-2/PTD group showed enhanced local bone formation in the rat calvarial defect at 2 weeks. New bone was observed at the defect margin and central area of the defect. However, new bone formation was observed only in 50% of animals used for 2weeks. In addition, there was no new bone formation observed at 8 weeks. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that BMP-2/PTD(TATBMP-2) have an positive effect on the bone formation in vitro and in vivo. However, further study should be conducted for the reproducibility of the outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1197-1203
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharide on UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) activity and excretion of fecal sterols in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly divided into five groups, one with normal diet and four with high cholesterol diets containing 1% cholesterol (w/w). The high groups with cholesterol diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharide free diet (C), 5% xylooligosaccharide diet (C5XO), 10% xylooligosaccharide diet (C10XO), and 15% xylooligosaccharide diet (C15XO) group according to the five groups of dietary xylooligosaccharide by weights. The experimental diets were fed ad libidum for 4 weeks. Fecal weights were increased 86% by xylooligosaccharide. Fecal total lipid contents including fecal neutral and acidic sterols in xylooligosaccharide groups were significantly higher than those of the normal and C groups, and especially that of C10XO group was the highest among all experimental groups. Activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) in liver in C group was 35% higher than that of normal group and the activities in C5XO, C10XO and C15XO groups were 15%, 41%, and 21% higher than in C group, respectively. Fecal bile acid excretions per day were increased 3.1, 3.6 and, 2.8 folds in C5XO, C10XO, and C15XO groups, respectively, compared with that of C group. Contents of neutral sterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone were higher in xylooligosaccharide groups than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber capable of improving a gastrointestinal function and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on HMG-CoA reductase activity and lipid composition of liver in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into groups of one normal diet, and four high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol (1%) diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharides free diet (C group), 5% xylooligosaccharides diet (C5XO group), 10% xylooligosaccharides diet (C10XO group), and 15% xylooligosaccharides diet (C15XO grcup) according to the levels of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. The hepatic lipid contents, cholesterol and triglycerides in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups were significantly lower than those of C group. An antithrombGsis index, a ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids of liver was significantly increased in 10% xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups compared to that of C group. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, a rate limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, in xylooligosaccharides supplemented groups was more significantly increased than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may be act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber to improve lipids metabolism in rat fed high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.283-299
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• 1999

1. Purpose : Systemic injection of kainic acid in experimental animals induces the limbic seizure and structural damages in hippocampus and amygdala which resembles the changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy. The author performed this study to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Yuldahansotang, on the neurotoxicity induced by kainic acid in the hippocampus in rats. 2. Method : Kainic acid was administered intraperitoneally. And feeding with Yuldahansotang for 3 weeks after kainic acid administration. Seizure were induced in male mice (kainate 10-40 mg/kg i.p) and animals were sacrified at various time-points after injection. The experimental animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3day and 1, 3weeks while Yuldahansotang administrations. Seizure were graded using a behavioral scale developed in our laboratory. c-fos belong to immediate early genes(IEGs) known to have rapid and brief responses. And neuronal injury was assayed by examining DNA fragmentation using in situ nick translation histochemistry. 3. Results & Conclusion : Seizure severity paralled kainate dosage. At higher doses DNA fragmentation is seen mainly in hippocampus in area CA3, and variable in CA1, thalamus, amygdala within 24 h, is maximal within 72 h, and is large gene by 7 days after administration of kainate. And we can't see the expression of DNA fragmentation and c-fos in the mice what feeded by Yuldahansotang after 7 days from kainic acid administration. It is consequently suggested that Yuldahansotang may attenuate the kainic acid-induced neuronal degeneration and increase the immunoreactivity of hippocampus in mouse.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2014

Taste is an important sense in survival and growth of animals. The growth and maintenance of taste buds, the receptor organs of taste sense, are under the regulation of various neurotrophic factors. But the distribution aspect of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in distinct taste cell types are not clearly known. The present research was designed to characterize mRNA expression pattern of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in distinct type of taste cells. In male 45-60 day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, epithelial tissues with and without circumvallate and folliate papillaes were dissected and homogenized, and mRNA expressions for neurotrophic factors and their receptors were determined by RT-PCR. The mRNA expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), exclusion of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT4/5), receptor tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), receptor tyrosine kinase C (TrkC), and p75NGFR were observed in some population of taste cell. In support of this result and to characterize which types of taste cells express NT3, BDNF, or TrkB, we examined mRNA expressions of NT3, BDNF, or TrkB in the $PLC{\beta}2$ (a marker of Type II cell)-and/or SNAP25 (a marker of Type III cell)-positive taste cells by a single taste cell RT-PCR and found that the ratio of positively stained cell numbers were 17.4, 6.5, 84.1, 70.3, and 1.4 % for $PLC{\beta}2$, SNAP25, NT3, BDNF, and TrkB, respectively. In addition, all of $PLC{\beta}2$-and SNAP25-positive taste cells expressed NT3 mRNA, except for one taste bud cell. The ratios of NT3 mRNA expressions were 100% and 91.7% in the SNAP25-and $PLC{\beta}2$-positive taste cells, respectively. However, two TrkB-positive taste cells co-expressed neither $PLC{\beta}2$ nor SNAP 25. The results suggest that the most of type II or type III cells express BDNF and NT3 mRNA, but the expression is shown to be less in type I taste cells.