• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.19-40
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DHEA on Type I(soleus) and II muscles(plantaris, gastrocnemius) in a focal brain ischemia model rat. Thirty-seven male Sprague-Dawley rats with $200{\sim}250g$ body weights were randomly divided into four groups : CINS(cerebral ischemia + normal saline), CIDH(cerebral ischemia + DHEA), SHNS(sham + normal saline), SHDH (sham + DHEA). Both the CINS and CIDH groups were undergone a transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion operation. In the SHNS and SHDH groups, a sham operation was done. DHEA was administered daily at a dose of 0.34mmol/kg, and normal saline was administered daily at the same dose by intraperitoneal injection for 7days after operation. Cerebral infarction in the CINS and CIDH groups was identified by staining with 2% triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution for 60 minutes. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test using the SPSSWIN 9.0 program. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The muscle weights of soleus(Type I), plantaris and gastrocnemius(Type II) in CINS group were significantly less than those of the SHNS group(p<.01). The muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the CINS group was significantly less than that of the SHNS group in Type I muscle fiber of the soleus and Type II muscle fiber of the plantaris and gastrocnemius(p<.05). The myofibrillar protein content of the CINS group was significantly less than that of the SHNS group in the left gastrocnemius and right soleus(p<.05). 2) The muscle weights of the soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius except the unaffected side of the plantaris in the CIDH significantly increased compared to those of the CINS group(p<.05). The muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the CIDH group significantly increased compared to that of the CINS group in Type II muscle fiber of the plantaris and gastrocnemius(p<.05). The myofibrillar protein content of the CIDH group significantly increased compared to that of the CINS group in the left soleus(p<.05). 3) On the post-op 8 day, the body weight of the CINS group was significantly less than that of the CIDH, SHNS and SHDH groups(p<.01). Total diet intake of the CINS and CIDH groups was significantly less than that of the SHNS and SHDH groups(p<.01). Based on these results, it was identified that muscle atrophy could be induced during the 7 days after cerebral infarction, and DHEA administration during the early stage of cerebral infarction might attenuate muscle atrophy.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.1101-1108
• /
• 1999

Soybean (SoyPep) was prepared and evaluated their action on blood lipid profiles, select biochemical indexes and histopathological changes in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Male SHRs were divided into three groups and fed the experimental diet containing 0% (control), 3%, 10% SoyPep for 8 weeks. Lipids, antioxidative vitamin levels, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities in plasma were measured, and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activities in kidney, vascular tissue and plasma were also measured. In addition, histopathological changes in various organs were investigated. Dietary SoyPep was effective for lowering plasma levels of triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol. ACE activities in aorta and kidney were decreased in the group fed SoyPep compared to control. There was no difference of plasma GOT and GPT activities, and no histopathological difference in various organs among the experimental groups. Our results suggest that SoyPep has beneficial effects on diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. SoyPep could be useful to develop a novel functional safe food additive for preventing the chronic diseases.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.14-20
• /
• 2006

Purpose: Although hypothermia has been used in many clinical situations, such as post cardiopulmonary resuscitation, stroke, traumatic brain injury, septic shock, and hemorrhagic shock, the mechanism by which it works has not been clearly elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on the plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration, lung iNOS expression, and histologic changes in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the hypothermia group (HT, n=8, $27{\sim}30^{\circ}C$) and the normothermia group (NT, n=8, $36{\sim}37^{\circ}C$). They underwent 30 min of intestinal ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery, which was followed by 1.5 h of reperfusion. They were then sacrificed. The acute lung injury (ALI) score, the plasma NO concentration, and lung iNOS gene expression were measured. Results: Compared with the HT group, the NT group showed severe infiltrations of inflammatrory cells, alveolar hemorrhages, and interstitial hypertrophies in lung tissues. There were significant differences in the ALI scores between the NT and the HT groups ($8.7{\pm}1.5/HPF$ in NT vs $5.8{\pm}1.2/HPF$ in HT, p=0.008). Although the plasma NO concentration was slightly lower in the HT group, there was no significant difference between the two groups ($0.80{\pm}0.24{\mu}mol/L$ in NT vs $0.75{\pm}0.30{\mu}mol/L$ in HT, p=0.917). Lung iNOS gene expression was stronger in the NT group than in the HT group. The band density of the expression of iNOS in lung tissues was significantly increased in the NT group compared to the HT group ($5.54{\pm}2.75$ in NT vs$0.08{\pm}0.52$ in HT, p=0.002). Conclusions: This study showed that hypothermia in intestinal IR reduces inflammatory responses, ALI scores, and iNOS gene expression in lung tissues. There was no significant effect of hypothermia on the plasma NO concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.8
• /
• pp.1106-1111
• /
• 2012

It is shown that the risk of chronic disease is increased not only by the concentration of fat in the diet but also by the composition of dietary fatty acids. We investigated the anti-oxidant effects of vitamin E on dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid-fed mice. Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 9 groups: a normal diet group (C), 4 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid diet groups (OA, LA, LNA, DHA), and 4 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid diet with 0.05% vitamin E groups (OAE, LAE, LNAE, DHAE). The food efficiency in the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid diet groups was higher than in the normal diet groups. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased by LA and DHA fatty acids. Vitamin E significantly decreased LA and LHA-induced lipid peroxidation. The activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was increased in the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid diet groups compared to the control group, while these were decreased by supplements with vitamin E, except in the OAE group. Also, the protein expression of CYP2E1 was significantly increased in only the LNA group, while these were decreased by supplements with vitamin E. These results taken together indicate that vitamin E may have positive effects on a dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid diet-induced oxidative stress in brain tissue.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.71-87
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the early irradiation changes on the ultrastructure of the capillary endothelial cell in the rat submandibular glands. For the study, 110 Sprague-Dawley strain male rats were singly irradiated to their neck regions with the doses of 2Gy, 5Gy, and 10Gy by 6MV X -irradiation, and sacrificed on the 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after irradiation. The authors observed the histologic and ultrastructural changes of the capillary endothelial cell using the light and electron microscopes. The results were as follows: I. In the light microscopic examination, the capillary dilation was observed on the 6 hours group and the capillary density was slightly increased on the 12 hours group after 2Gy and 5Gy irradiation. And luminal size and capillary density were decreased on the 3 days and the 7 days groups after irradiation, after then, they were recovered. But capillary density was still decreased on the 14 days group after 10Gy irradiation. 2. In the transmission electron microscopic examination, the mild proliferation of cytoplasmic process of the endothelial cell and reduction in luminal size were observed on the 3 hours group after irradiation. After then, endothelial swelling, marked proliferation of cytoplasmic process, thickened basal lamina, and numerous pinocytotic vesicles were observed after the 1 day group after irradiation. Thickened basal lamina and numerous pinocytotic vesicles were still observed until the 7 days group after irradiation. These changes were recovered to normal on the 14 days group after 2Gy and 5Gy irradiation, but not after 10Gy irradiation. 3. In the scanning electron microscopic examination, the dilation of conduits and constriction, and meandering were observed on the 1 day group after 10Gy irradiation. These changes were observed with increased coarseness of the surface of the vascular resin casting on the 3 days group after irradiation. 4. From the above results, endothelial swelling, proliferation of cytoplasmic process, and thickening of the basal lamina appeared before the 6 hours group after irradiation. And these changes may also induce the increase of the capillary number and luminal size, after then, capillary permeability was increased via the increase of the number of pinocytotic vesicles. The changes were observed earlier and more apparent with the increase of the irradiation doses under the dose of 10Gy irradiation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.40-53
• /
• 1976

This study was designed to comparse the metabolic effects of Korean diet pattern which contained all-polished rice and 70% polished rice, and to compare dietary restriction. The results were as follows. 1. Food intake survey to catch the Korean diet pattern The calory intake showed women took much more than men and farm village was higher than city, However, protein intake showed men were higher than women and decrease gradually from city, fishing village, and farm village. Calcium intake showed Seoul was the first rank of all, but was merely 70% of recommended quantities. Fe intake was greatly short especially in women and vitamin C also showed same situation. In the view of food group intake, grains and potatoes were 70.06%, vegetables and fruits 13.05%, meats fishes and beans 11.99%, respectivelly. Oil and fat intake showed lowest percentage as 0.77%. 2. Nutritional experiments albino rats have been fed for 7 weeks with three different diet: all-polished rice diet, 70% polished rice diet, and the standard diet for contral group. Dietary restriction were at 4 levels: 5% , 10%, 15%, 20% in 70% polished rice det. Body weight of 70% polished rice group gained value compare to all polished rice group. In the final organ weight all-polished rice group and 70% polished rice group and 70% polished rice group revealed similar results, but organ weight almost decreased dued to dietary restriction and statistical data showed significant differences between dietary restriction group and none-restriction group. In the femur length, 70% polished rice group was longer than all polished rice group but there was no significant differences. The nitrogen content of liver and muscle of 70% polished rice group was higher than all-polished rice group. Furthermone there was significant differences in the female (P<0.1). In the 10% restriction group(female) and 15% restriction group(male), nitrogen retention was higher than 0% restriction group. The other biochemical analysis such as liver lipid, serum cholesterol, glucose of urine, feces and serum were not revealed any significant differences. As a result of studying, it seems clear that 70% polished rice intake influenced much nourshment to white rat growth than all-porished rice intake, and there is no significant influence to animal growth and metabolic effect even if it was restricted $5{\sim}10%$ of diet.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.123-128
• /
• 2016

The study was conducted to confirm the analgesic effects of the Carbenoxolone(CBX)and P2X receptor antagonist(iso-PPADS), which separates the gap junction in the facial neuropathic pain model. The experiment used white male Sprague-Dawley rats (240~280g). The second left molars on the lower jaw was extracted to induce facial neuropathic pain, and small dental implants were implanted to induce damage to the inferior alveolar nerve. When CBX was injected twice daily to the abdominal cavity, a significant analgesic effect at 5ug/kg was observed(p<0.05). In addition, when iso-PPADS was injected twice daily into the abdominal cavity, a significant analgesic reaction was observed at $25{\mu}g/kg$(p<0.05). When the two drugs were injected together at a low concentration, in which they did not display an effect, they displayed a significant analgesic reaction at CBX 1ug/kg and iso-PPADS 2.5ug/kg(p<0.05). When a gap injunction block using a low concentration of CBX and a low concentration P2X receptor antagonist was injected together, the pain suppressing effect was observed against the orofacial neuropathic pain mechanism. These results make it possible to determine that the gap junction block using CBX and the injection of the P2X receptor antagonist plays an important role in the pain management of the facial region.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.221-229
• /
• 2018

Tenofovir nanoparticles are novel therapeutic intervention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection reaching the virus in their sanctuary sites. However, there has been no systemic toxicity testing of this formulation despite global concerns on the safety of nano drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the toxicity of Tenofovir nanoparticle (NTDF) on the liver and kidney using an animal model. Fifteen adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats maintained at the animal house of the biomedical resources unit of the University of KwaZulu-Natal were weighed and divided into three groups. Control animals (A) were administered with normal saline (NS). The therapeutic doses of Tenofovir (TDF) and nanoparticles of Tenofovir (NTDF) were administered to group B and C and observed for signs of stress for four weeks after which animals were weighed and sacrificed. Liver and kidney were removed and fixed in formal saline, processed and stained using H/E, PAS and MT stains for light microscopy. Serum was obtained for renal function test (RFT) and liver function test (LFT). Cellular measurements and capturing were done using ImageJ and Leica software 2.0. Data were analysed using graph pad 6, p values < 0.05 were significant. We observed no signs of behavioural toxicity and no mortality during this study, however, in the kidneys, we reported mild morphological perturbations widening of Bowman's space, and vacuolations in glomerulus and tubules of TDF and NTDF animals. Also, there was a significant elevation of glycogen deposition in NTDF and TDF animals when compared with control. In the liver, there were mild histological changes with widening of sinusoidal spaces, vacuolations in hepatocytes and elevation of glycogen deposition in TDF and NTDF administered animals. In addition to this, there were no significant differences in stereological measurements and cell count, LFT, RFT, weight changes and organo-somatic index between treatment groups and control. In conclusion, NTDF and TDF in therapeutic doses can lead to mild hepatic and renal histological damage. Further studies are needed to understand the precise genetic mechanism.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.38-44
• /
• 2011

Cisplatin is widely used for various types of cancers. However, its side effects, most notably, renal toxicity often limit its clinical utility. Although previous metabolomic studies reported possible toxicity markers, they used small number of animals and statistical approaches that may not perform best in the presence of intra-group variation. Here, we identified urinary biomarkers associated with renal toxicity induced by cisplatin using NMR-based metabolomics combined with Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=22) were treated with cisplatin (10 mg/kg single dose), and the urines obtained before and after treatment were analyzed by NMR. Multivariable analysis of NMR data presented clear separation between non-treated and treated groups. The OPLS-DA statistical results revealed that 1,3-dimethylurate, taurine, glucose, glycine and branched-chain amino acid (isoleucine, leucine and valine) were significantly elevated in the treated group and that phenylacetylglycine and sarcosine levels were decreased in the treated group. To test the robustness of the approach, we built a prediction model for the toxicity and were able to predict all the unknown samples (n=14) correctly. We believe the proposed NMR-based metabolomics with OPLS-DA approach and the resulting urine markers can be used to augment the currently available blood markers.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2004

This study was designed to investigate the optimal period of pedicles implantation in the prefabricated periosteofascial flap with a vascular tissue transfer. The flap prefabrication was prepared with a transposition of left occipital pedicles on the calvarial fascia of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty flaps were divided into five groups of six flaps, including control group (group I) of the conventional periosteofascial flap based on the lateral border of the rat calvarium. The prefabricated flap was elevated as an $1{\times}1cm$ sized island flap based on the implanted pedicle at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the pedicles transfer in groups II, III, IV, and V, respectively. After the completion of creating a critical-sized calvarial defect and implanting with hydroxyapatite granules, the flap was sutured back for covering the defect and kept isolated from surrounding tissues. Six weeks after flap repositioning, the osseous changes of the defect were examined with simple radiographic findings, radiodensitometric analysis, and histological studies. By simple radiographic findings, specimens of the control, groups IV and V showed homogeneous radioopacity within the defect. But in groups II and III, focal radiolucency was observed in the defect. In the radiodensitometric analysis, the control group and the group V showed significant increased radiodensites statistically. Histologically, the implanted hydroxyapatite was absorbed partly in the defect in groups II, III, and IV. In the defects of the control group and the group V, the implanted hydroxyapatite was kept in its volume and the deposition of the bone cells was observed sparsely. In conclusion, the prefabricated periosteofascial flap can be created with a vascular tissue transfer and the pedicles should be implanted at least for 4 weeks to bring out positive osseous changes in the calvarial defect.