• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1974

The influence, upon male rat's mating behavior, of Korean Panax Ginseng administered for 3 and 5 days was investigated by direct behavioral observation and also by counting the number of copulation plugs the animals deposited. Four쇼-four male albino rats were used. Part of the animals received ginseng for 3 days (ginseng-3 day group, N= 12) or for 5 days(ginseng-5 day group, H=10), while the remaining animals received saline for 3 days (saline-3 day group, N=12) or for 5 days (saline-S day group, N=10). Each animal belonging to the 2 ginseng groups received subcutaneously 0.5 ml/100 g body weight of ginseng alcohol extract solution (4 mg of the ethyl alcohol extract in 1 ml of physiological saline), and each rat belonging to the 2 saline groups received the same amount of saline per day. During the dark period of the light-dark cycle on the next day following the last drug administration, a female rat in the artificial estrus was introduced to each male and the mating behavior was observed for 45 minutes. The observation session was divided into two parts and, in the early part which terminated with the first ejaculation and succeeding intromission, following behavioral measures were taken: mounting latency, intromission latency, inter-intromission period, ejaculatory latency(time from the first intromission until the first ejaculation), occurrence of mounting with intromission, occurrence of mounting without intromission, and postejaculatory interval. Behavioral measures taken in the later part of the session after the first ejaculation were: occurrence of mounting with intromission, occurrence of mounting without intromission, and occurrence of ejaculation. Immediately after the behavioral observation session the experiment turned to measure, for 10 days, the number of copulation plug which each pair of rats deposited. Following results were obtained: 1. After several mountings mounting with intromission, males of the 2 ginseng groups finished the first ejaculation significantly earlier than the corresponding 2 saline groups did. 2. The postejaculatory latency was significantly reduced in the ginseng-5 day group compare with the value of the saline-5 day group and also compared with the value of the ginseng-3 day group. 3. The 2 ginseng groups ejaculated significantly more often in 45 minutes' observation session than the corresponding 2 saline groups did. 4. The number of copulation plug deposited in 10 days by the animals of the 2 ginseng groups. significantly exceeded the number deposited by the corresponding 2 saline group animals. The animals of the ginseng-5 day group deposited copulation plugs significantly more than the animals of the ginseng-3 day group did. It is inferred from the above results that the ginseng facilitates mating behavior of male rats, and that the degree of facilitation may be influenced by the duration of drug administration.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.11-28
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• 2017

Objectives : The contents of aconitine in aconiti radix lateralis preparata, purified hot water extract of Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, and purified hot water extract of Sambutang-P that contains Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata was analyzed to compare toxicity. Toxicity of Sambutang-P that contains Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata was assessed with a single oral toxicity test on 6-week-old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : 1. The contents of aconitine in Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, purified hot water extract of Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, and purified hot water extract of Sambutang-P that contains Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata was analyzed using the purity test according to the "Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia". 2. 2,000mg/kg was injected for the single oral toxicity test of purified hot water extract of Sambutang-P that contains Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, and the test was done for a test group (injection) and a control group, each with 5 male and 5 female rats. For 14 days after injection, rats were observed for general symptoms and changes in weight. Afterwards, blood biochemical test, autopsy, and histophathological exam of the liver was conducted. Results : 1. The contents of aconitine was 0.0785% for Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, 0.1510% for purified hot water extract of Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, and 0.1248% for purified hot water extract of Sambutang-P that contains Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata. 2. There was no death of either male or female rats in both the control group and the test group (injection of 2,000mg/kg). 3. No unusual symptom was observed in both the control group and the test group (injection of 2,000mg/kg). 4. No significant change in weight was observed for both male and female rats in the test group (2,000mg/kg). 5. The histopathological exam of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and LDH showed no significant changes for both male and female rats in the test group (2,000mg/kg). 6. According to the autopsy results, no visible abnormality of organs or tissues was found in both the control group and the test group (2,000mg/kg). 7. According to the histopathological exam of the liver, the effect of the injected material was not observed for either male or female rats in the test group (2,000mg/kg). Conclusions : The contents of aconitine in Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata was lower for decoction of Sambutang-P with ginseng radix alba than for decoction of only Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata. This suggests that ginseng radix alba can dilute toxicity of Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata. As for a single oral toxicity test of Sambutang-P that contains Aconiti Radix lateralis preparata, no abnormal reaction was observed even when the injection amount far exceeded a toxic dose or a lethal dose. Thus, it is deemed that using Sambutang-P at a clinically prescribed dose would not lead to hepatoxicity.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.25-38
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• 2005

In order to investigate the effect of dietary zinc and phytic acid levels on enzyme activity and lipid metabolism in rats, male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing approximately 60-74g, were fed different diets which contained 0, 0.35 or $1.05\%$ phytic acid each at 3 levels of zinc (0, 30 and 1500ppm zinc) for 28 days. Body weight gain, food consumption, and food efficiency ratio were lower in the rats fed a zinc deficient diet (0ppm zinc) than those consuming 30 or 1500ppm dietary zinc. The activities of GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase were lower in the rats consuming 30ppm zinc than those fed 0 or 1500ppm zinc diet. The activity of GOT was increased in rats consuming $0.35\%$ phytic acid, whereas that of alkaline phosphatase was decreased in the rats fed phytic acid-containing diet. The concentration of phospholipid in serum was higher in rats fed $0.35\%$ dietary phytic acid, whereas that of liver phospholipid was higher in zinc deficient groups, and increased by addition of dietary phytic acid. The concentration of triglyceride in serum from rats fed 30ppm zinc was lower than those fed 0 or 1500ppm zinc On the other hand, liver triglyceride was higher in both the rats fed 30ppm zinc and $0.35\%$ phytic acid. The concentration of serum total cholesterol was lower in the rats fed 30ppm zinc diet, and it was increased by addition of dietary phytic acid. But liver total cholesterol was higher in 30ppm zinc group. HDL-cholesterol in serum was the highest in both rats consuming 30ppm zinc and $0.35\%$ dietary phytic acid, and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol was higher in rats consuming 30ppm zinc diet. In conclusion, we suggest that coronary heart disease or liver disease can be prevented with phytic acid in rats which are fed the high zinc diet.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.240-246
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• 2008

Cassia tora L. seeds have previously been reported to reduce blood glucose level in human and animals with diabetes. In the present study, the effects of Cassia tora L. seed butanol fraction (CATO) were studied on postprandial glucose control and insulin secretion from the pancreas of the normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by an i.p. injection of Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW) into the male Sprague-Dawley rats. The postprandial glucose control was monitored during a 240 min-period using a maltose loading test. In normal rats, rats fed CATO (20 mg/l00 g BW/d) showed lower postprandial glucose levels in all the levels from 30 min up to 180 min than those in the control rats without CATO (p<0.05). In diabetic rats, those levels in the CATO group seemed to be lower during the $30{\sim}180$ min, but only glucose level at 30 min showed significant difference compared to that in the control group. Moreover, CATO delayed the peak time of the glucose rise in both normal and diabetic rats in the glucose curves. On the other hand, when CATO was administered orally to the diabetic rats for 5 days, 12 hr fasting serum glucose level was decreased in the diabetic rats (p<0.05). Degree of a decrease in 12 hr fasting serum insulin levels was significantly less in the diabetic CATO rats as compared to diabetic control rats. On the last day of feeding, P cells of the pancreas were stimulated by 200 mg/dL glucose through a 40 min-pancreas perfusion. Amounts of the insulin secreted from the pancreas during the first phase ($11{\sim}20$ min) and the second phase ($21{\sim}40$ min) in the CATO fed diabetic rats were significantly greater than those in the diabetic control group (p<0.05). These findings indicated that constituents of Cassia tora L. seeds have beneficial effect on postprandial blood glucose control which may be partially mediated by stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreas of the diabetic rats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.176-179
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• 2001

The present study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic activity and lipid metabolism of ethanol (EtOH) extract from the aleurone layer of anthocyanin-pigmented (AP) rice in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 210~240 g were divided into 4 groups, normal, diabetic control, and two experimental groups, and diabetes in rats was induced by injection of STZ (45 mg/kg, body weight) into tail vein. The EtOH extract of the powdered aleurone layer of AP rice was administered orally in diabetic rats for 14 days. In order to find the hypoglycemic effects in the animal model, the body weight, plasma glucose levels, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino- transferase activities (ALT) were determined. Oral administration of 1.0 81kg on the EtOH extract for 14 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose, ALT, TG and FFA. However, in the case of 2.0 g/kg, the hypo-glycemic effects were not considerable. This results suggest that the EtOH extract might induce hypoglycemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats due to some photochemical components in the aleurone layer of AP rice.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.169-174
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• 1994

This stydy was performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of bovine milk on the atherosclerotic rats. Eighty male rats of 5-weeks of age were divided into 4 groups, control, active treatment control fed the atherogenic feed, and skim milk and whole milk groups fed powdered skim or whole milk mixed with the atherogenic feed and observed for 13 weeks. Growth, clinical and pathological changes of the rats were examined. Rats of the 4 groups did not show significant difference of feed intake and weight gain. The level of serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) fraction, and inorganics between skim milk and whole milk groups were not significantly different though significant difference was shown between active treatment control and milk groups. Milder calcification and nearosis in aorta, heart and kidney and fat degeneration in liver were seen in the milk groups than were in active treatment control. Marked difference, however, was not found between the skim milk and whole milk groups. Both powdered skim and whole milks could have a helpful effect of vitamin D2-and -cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the 2 week-oral toxicity of Paecilomyces sinclairii in Sprague-Dawley rats. P. sinclairii was daily administered to male and female rats for 2 weeks with different dose levels (0, 0.008, 0.04, 0.2, 1 and 5 g/kg). There were no clinical signs compared with control group, but a slight increase of white blood cell (WBC) was observed in the males rats receiving all dose levels of P. sinclairii. In biohematological analysis, the levels of glucose and cholesterol in the blood were decreased slightly in the males and females rats at doses of 0.008 or 1 g/ kg. At the all dose groups, there were no significant changes in the body weights, but autopsy findings of all organs showed reduced weights in the thymus of males in the high dose groups of 1 g/ kg and 5 g/kg. These results indicate that P. sinclairii does not induce any significant toxic effect on Sprague-Dawley rats treated for 2 weeks, but the reduced weights of thymus in males may require a further long-term investigation.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.74-77
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• 2009

Food deprivation decreases hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, which is ascribed to alterations in availability of hepatic cysteine, a rate limiting factor for the GSH synthesis. The present study examines the effects of food deprivation on hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acid in male rats. In rats fasted for 24 or 48 hours, hepatic GSH levels were decreased from $6.70{\pm}0.16{\mu}mol/g$ liver to $4.02{\pm}0.20$ or $4.06{\pm}0.07{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively. Hepatic S-adenosylmethionine levels were also decreased in fasted rats, but S-adenosylhomocysteine levels were increased. Hepatic methionine levels were not changed by food deprivation for 48 hours. On the other hand, hepatic cysteine or taurine levels were increased from $106.2{\pm}4.1$ to $130.0{\pm}2.7$ nmol/g liver or from $2.45{\pm}0.43$ to $5.07{\pm}0.78{\mu}mol/g$ liver, respectively, in 48-hour fasted rats. Activity of cystathionine beta-synthase catalyzed homocysteine to cystathionine, was markedly decreased, but activity of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was increased in fasted rats, indicating that methylation of homocysteine to methionine is activated. Also activity of cysteine dioxygenase, involved in taurine synthesis, was increased. These results suggested that hepatic methionine levels were maintained in rats fasted for 48 hours through increase in homocysteine methylation, and hepatic GSH may serve as a cysteine supplier reservoir in fasting state.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.525-530
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• 1998

The effects of godulbaegi(Ixeris sonchifolia H.) powder on body weight gain, lipid and protein concentrations, and enzyme activities were studied in growing male rats for 4 and 8 week. The fats (Sprague-Dawley) were fed diets containing 5% godulbaegi or without. The body weght gain, food efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value of rats fed godulbaegi diet were similar to the control diet. The ratio of spleen weight to body weight in godulbaegi group for 8 weeks was greater than in that of control group, but they were similar both feeding groups in liver and kidney. The concentrations of the total lipid and triglyceride in serum were increased in rats fed godulbaegi diet for 4 week than in those fed control diet, but those were decreased in rats fed godulbaegi diet for 8 week than in those fed the control diet. The concentrations of the phospholipid, total cholestrol and HDL-cholestrol in serum were decreased in rats fed godulbaegi diet for 8 week than in those fed control diet. The HDL-cholestrol/total cholestrol ratio and athergenic index were similar to both diet groups. There were no differences in growth, serum total protein, albumin concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities between rats fed godulbaegi diet and those fed the control diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.516-520
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to evaluate effect of fermented chub mackerel extract (FCME) on lipid metabolism of rats fed a diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol. Four week-old male rats were divided into three groups of 15 rats with 0, 0.1% or 0.2% FCME supplementation. In comparison with control, rats fed 0.2% FCME showed reduction of activities of acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase (p<0.05), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (p<0.01) and fatty acid synthetase (p<0.01). Rats fed 0.2% FCME also showed reductions in free cholesterol in the liver (p<0.05), and in concentrations of free cholesterol (p<0.05), LDL+VLDL-cholesterol (p<0.05), triglyceride (p<0.01) and phospholipid (p<0.01) in the plasma. Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared with control group. Atherogenic index was also significantly lower in rats fed 0.1% or fed 0.2% supplement diet, whereas bile acid in feces was not significantly affected. The current study showed that 0.2% inclusion level of the fermented chub mackerel extracts might have hypolipidemic properties.