• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.261-270
• /
• 2022

Background: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is a critical region for the management of nociception. The RVM is also involved in learning and memory processes due to its relationship with the hippocampus. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind orexin-A signaling in the RVM and hippocampus's effects on capsaicin-induced pulpal nociception and cognitive impairments in rats. Methods: Capsaicin (100 g) was applied intradentally to male Wistar rats to induce inflammatory pulpal nociception. Orexin-A and an orexin-1 receptor antagonist (SB-334867) were then microinjected into the RVM. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to check the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the RVM and hippocampus. Results: Interdental capsaicin treatment resulted in nociceptive responses as well as a reduction in spatial learning and memory. Additionally, it resulted in decreased BDNF and increased COX-2 expression levels. Orexin-A administration (50 pmol/1 µL/rat) could reverse such molecular changes. SB-334867 microinjection (80 nM/1 µL/rat) suppressed orexin's effects. Conclusions: Orexin-A signaling in the RVM and hippocampus modulates capsaicin-induced pulpal nociception in male rats by increasing BDNF expression and decreasing COX-2 expression.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 2009

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the difference of between Kyungohkgo and Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong effects of growth Methods We divided male Spraque-Dawley rats into 6 groups. They were Normal group, Growth deficiency rat with insufficient nutrition diet group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo group, Growth deficiency rat with 0.1% Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group and Growth deficiency rat with 0.2% Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group. They were administered for 5 weeks. We measured body weight, serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, RBC, concentration of Hb and PCV ratio, total WBC and its composition, the values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities. Results 1. In body weight, Kyungohkgo 0.1%, Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong 0.1%, 0.2% groups were showed sighnificantly different than control group. But That groups were not showed significantly different than each others. 2. In serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroid stimulating hormone, we obtained the results of tendency to increase in Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group, however these values showed no significantly different. 3. In the counts of RBC, Kyungohkgo group and Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong group were showed significantly different than control group. But these values showed no significantly different. In the concentration of Hb, Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong 0.2%group was showed significantly different than control group. Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong 0.2% group and Kyungohkgo 0.2% group were showed significantly different than control group. 4. The counts of total WBC and its composition showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. 5. The values of plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) activities showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. Conclusions So Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong and Kyungohkgo have an effect of promoting growth of rats. And We know that the effect of Kyungohkgo Ga Nokyong is better than Kyungohkgo.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.370-380
• /
• 1991

This article is intended to study histopathological and immunohistochemical response after autogenous full-thickenss skin graft in rat. 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as the experimental animals. A $1Cm{\times}1Cm$ skin(0.7mm diameter) was taken on the right inguinal area of the rat. Another full-thickeness skin graft($1Cm{\times}1Cm$) was taken from the left inguinal area of the rat. And it was transplanted to the right inguinal area of the rat. The left side wound was closed directly. Light microscopic observation was made at the postoperative $1^{\circ}3^{\circ}8^{\circ}16$ day, after the hematoxylin - Eosin staining of the 4u-thick paraffin embedded specimens and the immunoshitochemical staining of the 10u-thick frozen specimens with mouse anti-rat monoclone antibodies and ABC staining kit. The results were as follows. 1. Electromicroscopic studies revealed interstitial tissue bleeding of transplanted autogenous skin. The response was severe in the 1 day group after operation, moederate in 3 day group, mild in 8 day group, and almost resovled in the 16 days group. 2. Electromicrospic studied also revealed a mild monocyte response in the 3 day and 8 day group. A histiocytic infiltrate was observed. There was a mild response in the 3 day group and moderate response in the 8 day group. 3. Immunohistochmically studies revealed a few pan T cells in the 1 day group, mild appearance of pen T cells and cytotoxic T cells in the 3 day group, a moderate infiltrate of pan T cells and helper T cells in the 8 day group, and total resolution of pan T cells in the 16 day group. 4. According to these finding, a strong inflammatory response was observed around transplanted autogenous skin in the 3 & 8 day groups. In the 16 day group this response had resolved histopathologically and immunohistologically.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.119-125
• /
• 2007

It is widely known that protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are involved in controlling many biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. An $\alpha3\beta4$ subunit combination acts as a major functional acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) in male rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons, and their activation induces fast inward currents and intracellular calcium increases. Recently it has been reported that the activity of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in some neurons can be negatively regulated by PTKs. However, the exact mechanism of regulation of nAChRs by PTKs is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the potential role particular in nAChR by PTK using electrophysiology and calcium imaging in male rat MPG neurons. ACh induced inward currents and $(Ca^{2+})_i$ increases in MPG neurons, concomitantly. These responses were inhibited by more than 90% in $Na^+$- or $Ca^{2+}$- free solution. $\alpha$-conotoxin AuIB, a selective $\alpha3\beta4$ nAChR blocket, inhibited ACh-induced inward currents. Genistein (10 $\mu$M), a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, markedly decreased ACh-induced currents and $Ca^{2+}$ transients, whereas 10 $\mu$M genistin, an inactive analogue, had little effect. Overall these data suggest that the activities of $\alpha3\beta4$ AChRs in MPG neurons are positively regulated by PTK. In conclusion, trosine kinase may be one of the key factors in the regulation of $\alpha3\beta4$ nAChRs in rat MPG neurons, which may play an important roles in the autonomic neuronal function such as synaptic transmission, autonomic reflex, and neuronal plasticity.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
• /
• 2003.05a
• /
• pp.189-189
• /
• 2003

Sophoricoside was isolated as the inhibitor of IL-5 bioactivity from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae). To develope as novel anti-allergic drug, kinetic study was performed in rats. Serum concentration of sophoricoside was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in male Sprague-Dawley rat (250${\pm}$10g, n=5) after oral administration of sophoricoside (100mg/kg). The recovery of sophoricoside after extraction and concentration was above 95 % from rat serum. Between-day precision(relative standard deviation 2.2-2.8%) and within-day precision(2.0-12.1%) were determined from replicate analysis of a spiked control and incurred serum sample. The detection limits of sophoricoside in this serum was approximately 0.1 ng/mL. The Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the noncompartmental analysis. The C$\_$max/(3.56${\pm}$0.34 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) value for sophoricoside in male rat was observed at 7.6 h. The elimination half-life(t$\_$1/2/) of sophoricoside was approximately 4.47 h, the mean residence time (MRT) averaged 10.75 h, the total body clearance (Cl) averaged 0.0042 mL/min/kg. and the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC$\_$0-$\infty$/) was 24.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$$.$hr/mL.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.143-158
• /
• 2002

The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Jakyakgamchotang on histamine or acetylcholine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats and guinea pigs. Guinea pig(500g, male) and Sprague Dawley rats(250g, male) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (4-5mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine(His) which evoked 50% of maximal response($ED_{50}$) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine($10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-4}M$). Contractions evoked by His($ED_{50}$) were inhibited significantly by Jakyakgamchotang. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was 90.8% (p〈0.001) after $100{\mu}l/ml$ Jakyakgamchotang. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was 22.1% (p〈0.05) after $100{\mu}l/ml$ Jakyakgamchotang. Propranolol indomethacin and methylene blue($10^{-7}M$) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Jakyakgamchotang. These results indicate that Jakyakgamchotang can relax histamine or acetylcholine induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.779-781
• /
• 1998

The aim of this study is to provide evidence on the aphrodisiac property of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. An electric grid was used as an obstruction in the electrical copula tion cage in order to determine how much an aversive stimulus the sexually naive male rat for both the treated with E. longifolia Jack and control groups were willing to overcome to reach the estrous receptive female in the goal cage. The intensity of the grid current was maintained at 0.12mA and this was the intensity in which the male rats in the control group failed to crossover to reach the goal cage. Results showed that E. longifolia Jack continued to enhance and also maintain a high level of both the total number of successful crossovers, mountings, intromissions and ejaculations during the 9-12 th week observation period. In conclusion, these results further enhanced and strenghtened the aphrodisiac property of E.longifolia Jack.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2002

This study was designed to observe the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body fatness, fat cell sizes and leptin levels in male Sprague Dawley rats. Following weaning, forty rats were divided into 4 groups beef tallow (BT), fish oil (FO). beef tallow with CLA supplementation (BTC), and fish oil with CLA supplementation (FOC) group. For four weeks, all rats were fed experimental diets containing 12％ of total dietary fat (w/w) with or without 1％ CLA. After 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed; the total carcass fat, plasma leptin levels, epididymal fat pad weights and fat cell sizes in adipose tissue were measured. CLA supplementation did not significantly affect the rat's body weights, total body fat, epididymal fat pad weights, and fat cell sizes. CLA also did not have a significant effect on plasma leptin levels. These results suggest that CLA supplement was not an effective way to reduce the body weights of male Sprague Dawley rats.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.271-278
• /
• 1996

The present study was carried out to sex effectively mouse and rabbit embryos using rat H-Y antiserum and to improve the rate of rat producing H-Y antiserum with H-Y antibody. The H-Y antiserum was prepared from inbred SD strain female rat immunized by intrasplenic injection and subsequent intraperitioneal booster of testis cell of syngenic male newborn rat. the titer of antiserum was identified by in vitro cytotoxicity test of mouse embryos. The rabbit embryos exposed to the H-Y antiserum was classified to the developed (H-Y negative) or delayed (H-Y positive) group. The H-Y negative rabbit embryos were transferred to recipients and sex of offspring was examined. 1. When mouse embryos were exposed to the rat H-Y antisera, the ratio of embryos developed vs delayed was various. The H-Y antisera where the ratio of embryos developed vs delayed showed the range of 40~60% were recognized as having titer of H-Y antibody. 2. When the subsequent intraperitioneal boosters were followed after priming of intrasplenic injection of H-Y antigen, the rate of rat producting the H-Y antiserum with H-U antibody was 13, 27, 70 and 73% in control, 1st B, 2nd B and 3rd B, respectively. The rate in 2nd B and 3rd B was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that in control and 1st B. 3. When the rabbit morulae were exposed to the rat H-Y antiserum with H-Y antibody, the ratio of morulae developed versus delayed was 42:58% and it was close to the natural sex ratio 50:50%. It was confirmed that the rat H-Y antiserum was cross reactive to the rabbit morulae. 4. When the H-Y negative rabbit embryos were transferred to the recipients, the pregnancy rate was 50% and 83% of the newborns were females. In conclusion, the rat H-Y antiserum with high titer of H-Y antibody was able to be obtained from the female rat immunized by the intrasplenic injection followed by the second intrapent oneal booster of testis cells at a week interval. When the rabbit embryos negative to the rat H-Y antiserum were transferred, 83% of the newborns were females.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 1972

The effect of three different grains supplemented diet as a dietary carbohydrate source on the growing rat, growth, food intake, FER and PER value, excretion of urinary arid fecal nitrogen and glucose and the level of glucose and cholesterol in serum blood was studied. Forty males and same number of females of Albino rats weighing male $58{\pm}2g$, female$62{\pm}2g$ were divided into eight experimental group, five male and female in each and fed rice diet, rice supplemented with wheat and rice supplemented with barley diet for 14 weeks. Under this condition wheat supplemented diet group shows the best FER, PER and body weight gain value. Especially in female group shows better FER, PER and body weight gain value compare to control diet group. Under the male groups wheat supplemented diet group shows lower FER, PER value and body weight compare to the control group but higher than those of barley diet group or rice alone. In female group the nitrogen retention shows also highest value by wheat supplemented diet group. By male group the wheat supplemented diet group shows not better value compare to the control group, but higer than barley supplemented group or rice alone. The nitrogen excretion through feces was significantly higher by grain supplemented diet group compare to grain the 20% sugar casein diet. The blood cholesterol content was slightly decreased by the control group which was fed disaccaride, compare to groups which were fed polysaccaride. But the free cholesterol to esterified cholesterol ratio shows lower value by control group than grain groups except the 70% rice supplemented with 30% barley group.