• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate beverage consumptions in relation to food intakes of Korean young people. One hundred thirty five college students(61 males and 74 females) living in Taegu, Kyung-buk and Taejon answered to questionnaires and recorded three day food intakes between May 20 and June 5, 1997. The preferred beverages were fruit juice, carbonated drink, dairy drink, sport beverage for male students, and fruit juice, dairy drink, sport beverage and carbonated drink for female students. Beverage taken most frequently was coffee for both. Frequent consumption of orange juice was associated with consumption of vegetables, meats, and fats and oils used for frying, and light cola seemed to be consumed with greasy dishes. Beverage consumption contributed to intakes of calcium and vitamin $B_2$more than other nutrients. 4.6% of total energy intake, 15.5% of calcium intake, 11.4% of vitamin $B_2$ provided from beverages in female. Contributions of beverages to nutrient intakes were higher in female than in male students. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients for males, and intakes of iron and vitamin A were the lowest for females as compared to the recommended dietary allowances. Therefore it is necessary to guide college students to choose beverages for balanced intakes of necessary nutrients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.789-797
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• 2001

This study was conducted to find the differences in food consumption frequency of the middle aged(male 20, female 50) and the elderly(male 15, female 15) living in Chonju in December, 1998 according to food habits, smoking, alcohol drinking and exercising habit, health status, and the levels of nutrition knowledge and attitude store. The foods frequently consumed among the subjects were kimchi(15.4/week), mixed rice(11.5/week), rice(7.6/week), vegetables in soup, jjigae and jorim(5.0/week), mandarins and oranges(5.e/week), and seasoned laver(4.3/week). There were several factors influencing food consumption patterns. These were age, regularity of meal times, the status of smoking, alcohol drinking and exercising, and the level of nutrition attitude. The elderly ate cooked rice more frequently, while the middle aged ate fish, especially blue fishes more frequently. The middle aged who had breakfast regularly ate milk and milk products, legumes and fruits frequently. Those who smoked seemed to eat less cereals and starches and fats, while those who didn't smoke ate more sugars. The alcohol drinking group also ate less fats and the exorcising group ate almost all of food groups frequently. The status of health showed to be related with food consumption patterns. The normal group in hemoglobin ate eggs more frequently than the anemia group and the high risk group in blood pressure ate almost all of food groups more frequently. The high level group for nutrition attitude score chose vegetables, fruits, and milk and milk products more frequently than the other groups. On the other hand, low level group for nutrition attitude score was apt to eat ramyun, ham-sausage, and carbonated beverages more frequently. Therefore, nutrition education to improve the food habits find to change nutrition attitude is necessary to promote health status anti mole attention should be taken to the high risk group in blood pressure to guide proper food and nutrition intakes.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.322-332
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• 2004

The possibility that high, long-term intake of carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed as glucose may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes has been long-standing controversy. A high consumption of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index produces greater insulin resistance than did the intake of low glycemic index carbohydrates. This study was designed to evaluate the cabohydrate intake status include glycemic index and correlation carbohydrtae intake status with anthropometry factors & other nutrients in usual diet of the Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus. In 104 tpye 2 diabetes mellitus patients(mean age : 51.8yr, male=44.femal=60), we determined carbohydrte intake status include glycemic index with 24hr recall method and measured anthropometry. Mean daily carbohydrtae intakes and glycemic index were 307.3g(male 323.1g, female 295.5g) and 90.7(male 93.4, female 88.8), respectively. We found a strong and statistically significant association between carbohydrate ratio and glycemic index in obese factors, other nutrient. But carbohydrate intake/kg of body weight was low a significant differences in obese factors, other nutrient. Also glycemic index was effected by total energy intake and carbohydrate ratio than carbohydrate intake/kg of body weight. In conclusion, emphasis for dietary modification should be total energy intake and carbohydrate ratio in diabetes mellitus patient.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2013

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of salt (NaCl) recognition threshold and pleasant salt concentrations of Korean rural elderly subjects on preference of salty food as well as food group consumption patterns. The subjects were 213 elderly people (male 71 and female 142) over 65 and under 90 yr of age from Sunchang area. The higher values were found with male subjects in the areas of basic taste recognition threshold and pleasant concentration level of salt. The taste sensitivity scores of male subjects did not decrease with the increasing age, but female subjects exhibited a significant decrease with the age. The major determinant factor of salt preference of the elderly subjects in this study appeared to be personal pleasant concentration of salt rather than salt recognition threshold level and this trend was more evident in males than in females. The subject group of lower salt pleasant concentration i.e. consuming less salt showed the higher number of fruit and fruit juice intakes per week, and higher MNA (define this) scores were implying that they display more desirable nutritional status. Therefore, nutritional education focused on not only a variety of food consumption but also lowering pleasant salt concentration levels is advised to improve the quality of nutrition in the elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.63-72
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lifestyle factors on clothing purchase motives, information use, and selection criteria in male college students. The sample included 241 male college students, and an instrument was developed based on the previous studies. The statistical analyses used for this study were factor analysis and multiple regression. The result of factor analysis showed that lifestyle consisted of six factors : clothing interest, serif-confidence, social participation, planned clothing purchase, family-orientation, and conservativeness. Clothing purchase motives consisted of conspicuous consumption motives, fashion and individuality motives, and economic motives. Clothing information use consisted of four factors: paper/display, personal advice, fashion show/clothing observation, and electronic media. Finally. clothing selection criteria consisted of practicability, fashion/individuality, and conformity, Multip1e regression revealed that there were significant effects of lifestyle factors on clothing purchase motives, information use, and selection criteria. For example, self-confidence factor had a negative impact on conspicuous consumption motive, personal advice information use, and fashion/individuality criteria. The relative importance of lifestyle factors were different according to different dimensions of clothing purchase motives, information use, and selection criteria.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-178
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to research male consumers' shopping behavior according to their fashion consciousness. For the purpose, the data collected were analyzed by factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test X2-test, and Pearson's correlation. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Male consumers' fashion consciousness were classified into 4 groups-Impulse Buying Consciousness Group, Brand Consciousness Group, Style Consciousness Group, and Fashion Indifference Group-by the following 6 factors: Impulse Buying Consciousness, Brand Consciousness, Style Consciousness, Trend Consciousness, Price Consciousness, Consumption Expenditure Consciousness. 2. There were significant differences existed among each group according to clothing purchase behavior, shopping orientation, and use of information sources. 3. There were a relationship among male consumers' fashion consciousness, their use of information sources, and their shopping behavior including clothing shopping orientation.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.467-477
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• 2013

Retailers deploy new shopping value-additions to induce customers to shop more, thus driving compulsive buying tendencies, which lead to increased profits for them. Customers display their ambivalence in purchasing a product either through instantaneous consumption, such as when following the latest fashion trends, or methodical decision making. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of consumers' ambivalent attitudes toward various aspects (brand, store, price, trends, and product types) of clothing shopping on compulsive behavior tendencies. Compulsive buying tendencies were analyzed in terms of the shopping value group and demographic characteristics. For the empirical research, a questionnaire was used. Data from male and female clothing shoppers were analyzed. Consumers were segmented into ambivalent consumption group, emotional value consumption group, rationality consumption group, and indifference consumption group. Results indicate that ambivalent consumption groups showed significantly higher levels of compulsive behavior tendencies in terms of brand, store, price, trends, and product types than other groups. Females showed more compulsive buying tendencies than males. Single people showed more compulsive buying tendencies than married.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.343-352
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• 2000

The health-related habits, dietary behaviors and health status as well as the relationships between the health-related habits and dietary behaviors and the health status were investigated in the subjects of the middle aged(20 male and 50 female with the average age of 56.4$\pm$6.1) and the elderly(15 male and 15 female with the average of 68.4$\pm$3.6) living in Chonju. The survey included the personal interview using questionnaires, anthropometric measurement and biochemical tests in December, 1998. The breakfast irregularity was shown in 5.7% of male and 10.8% of female. The consumption of generally lightly salted foods was practiced in half of the subjects. The prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking were shown in 20% and 31.4% of male group respectively. As judged by their body mass indices(BMI), none of the subjects was belong to the obesity group. However, the considerable degree of overweight was found in female subjects. The upper-body obesity was more prevalent in female compared to male group. The percentages of the anemic subjects as judged by WHO hemoglobin level were found to be relatively high specially for female(26.2%). The blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol determination showed that the middle aged males and the elderly females tend to have higher levels compared to the different age bracket subjects from two-way ANOVA. Therefore, it can be assumed that the middle aged males and the elderly females are under the greater risk than the other groups. The analysis of the relationships between health-related habits and dietary behavior, and the health status showed that the regularity of breakfast, the consumption of lightly salted foods, the frequency of exercise and the alcohol drinking pattern influenced the city dwellers and the risk-related health habits as well as dietary behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2005

Purpose： This study estimated the prevalence of smoking among male and female school employees. This study also correlated key indicators of health with the number of cigarettes consumed per day by the male smokers. The indicators of health included health behavior, blood pressure (mmHg), BMI (kg/m2), diabetes, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT and GTP. Methods： Subjects included 2,640 male and 2,747 female employees working at elementary, middle, and high schools who received a physical check-up at the Seoul School Health Center in 2002. Data was obtained from the physical examinations, questionnaires, and laboratory results. Results： 39.7% of males and 0.4% of females were current smokers. 60% of the male smokers consumed between 10 and 19 cigarettes per day, and39.6% of male smokers had been smoking between 10 and 19 years. Smokers who consumed more than one pack per day had a relatively higher BMI than the non-smokers (24.7 24.1, respectively). However, smokers had lower blood pressure than non-smokers. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of current-smokers were 128.2 and 82.8, respectively, while the values among non-smokers were 129 and 84.5, respectively. The proportion of current smokers with severe obesity (over BMI 30) was 5.0%. This was considerably higher than the 1.3% of severely obese non-smokers. Current-smokers also had mean and abnormal rate of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP that were higherthan those of non-smokers. The frequency of red meat consumption, alcohol use, perceived incidents of stress were alsomore frequent in current-smokers than in non-smokers. Exercise frequency was also lower among smokers. In multiple regression after adjusting all possible confounding factors including age, BMI, diet, and drink, the parameter value of fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, GOT, GPT, and GTP increased relative to the level of cigarette consumption. Conclusion： Among school employees, health behavior, and general health status including BMI, total cholesterol, GOT, GPT, GTP, and fasting blood glucose were worse in smokers than in non-smoker.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.320-330
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• 2001

This study was to obtain information about the dietary habits, the dietary attitudes, nutrition knowledge, and the food consumption of middle school students and to assess relationships between the dietary habits, the dietary attitudes, and nutrition knowledge of middle school students. Data were collected from 390 middle school students in Kimcheon. In the dietary habits, the regularity of breakfast showed the highest point and the snack consumption showed the lowest point. Female students were lower in the regularity of breakfast, and male students were higher in overeating of dinner and night. In the dietary attitudes and the perceived importance of nutrition, male students showed more favorable attitudes and perceived more importance of nutrition. In the nutrition knowledge, the responses to items 'Cola or cider doesn't have calories' and 'An egg contains lots of cholesterol' were the lowest point. Female students had higher knowledge than male students. In the food intake, grains, milk.yogurt.cheese, and fruits were always eaten or frequently eaten. While fast food, spicy and salty food, seaweeds, carbonated drinks, and yellow or green vegetables were eaten in lower frequency than other foods. Male students consumed more meat.ham.egg.fish, fried.stir-fried food, fast food, carbonated drinks, and spicy and salty food than female students. The correlation between dietary attitudes and dietary habits was statistically significant. The correlation between dietary attitudes and the perceived importance of nutrition was statistically significant. But the correlation between dietary attitudes and nutrition knowledge was statistically significant for female students, not significant for male students. Nutrition knowledge was related to the perceived importance of nutrition. It might be suggested that effective nutrition education program might be developed and implemented to ensure the good eating behaviors of middle school students.