• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-30
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• 2011

Recently increasing young adults have experienced serious economic difficulties in their transition to adulthood and so a great deal of parents have to help their children financially even well after children finish their schools. Utilizing the 2008 Social Survey, a nationwide representative survey collected by the Statistics Korea, this paper examines how children, mothers, and fathers think about parental support to adult children. Respondents of the 2008 Social Survey answer how much parents support economically to their children about the following four items: college education, graduation school education, spending money while searching for jobs, and marital preparation. Analyzing a sample of 1,727 high school students and their parents, I find that the three family members generally accept economic support to the above items as part of parental duties. Also comparisons of the three family members' attitudes indicate that they usually reach the consensus about the dutiful scope of parental support to adult children. Logistic regressions reveal that male teens and children with conservatism are more likely to believe in wider scope of parental economic duties. And parents who are on good terms with children and are high in educational and occupational levels are more willing to support adult children. I conclude with implications of the findings for intergenerational relationships.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2012

In this study, it was observed through the ability of performing secondary tasks and baseline fetal heart rate how the supply of lavender, peppermint and highly concentrated oxygen (40%) affected distraction due to the performance of secondary tasks in the driving environment. Twelve male university students conducted secondary tasks while driving in the environments (6 in total) mixed and designed with oxygen concentration (21%, 40%) and the condition of odors (Normal, Lavender, Peppermint). The test was proceeded in order of stable state (5mins), driving (5mins), and secondary tasks (1min), and by extracting ECG data from every section by 30secs, the mean value of baseline fetal heart rate was calculated. As a result of analysis, in the ability of performing secondary tasks, a percentage of correct answers showed no difference in oxygen concentration and the condition of odors (p > 0.05). In performance completion time, a percentage of correct answers decreased showing a statistically significant difference in the condition of odors compared with the condition where odors were not provided (p < 0.05). As for baseline fetal heart rate, in the comparison between sections, while performing secondary tasks, it increased showing a significant difference compared with stable state and driving state (p < 0.05). The effect of interaction was observed in oxygen concentration and the condition of odors. When odors were not provided, baseline fetal heart rate decreased in 40% oxygen concentration compared with 21% oxygen concentration (p < 0.05), however, when peppermint was provided, it increased in 40% oxygen concentration compared with 21% oxygen concentration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the fact that the condition of odors increased the ability of calculation, and when only the highly concentrated oxygen was provided, parasympathetic nerve system was activated, however, when highly concentrated oxygen was provided with peppermint at the same time, sympathetic nervous system (sns) was activated, which had a negative effect on the autonomic nervous system was drawn.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.459-467
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate and identify what factors influence the satisfaction of the users for the fast-growing social network game based on the mobile. To this end, we looked around the variable product characteristic factor, quality and the consumer characteristic factor, user self-determination. Also we surveyed 211 male and female college students. The first finding was that all the sub-factors of the quality factor had positive effects on the satisfaction of the mobile social network games. The second finding was that all the sub-factors of the self-determination factor had positive effects on the satisfaction of the mobile social network games. The third finding was that only the sub-factors of quality had positive relative effects on the satisfaction of the mobile social network games, in the order of playfulness, usability, functionality from the most to the least. The findings of this study are expected to offer meaningful and practical suggestions for the development of high quality game contents for the user convenience, as well as the academic significance, the expansion of game-related area of research through the break from the traditional research trends, technology and engineering point of view and from the PC-based online game.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.80-82
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• 2013

White light emitting diode (LED) determined the most appropriate color temperature in reading lighting evaluated fatigue degree of eye according to color temperature. The eye fatigue degrees are determined by brightness and color temperature. Therefore, we measured the results of eyes test according to the change of color temperature and brightness. Experiments except for astigmatic corrected visual acuity of 0.8 more and age 20 to 25 years old, male and female college students was conducted in 100 patients. And constant illumination conditions, visual acuity was measured by varying the color temperature. The optometry at 10 minutes in the darkroom adapted eye. And then the temperature of $25{\pm}3$ degrees, the humidity was carried out at $50{\pm}5%$. As a result of typical color temperature of white light (5,600 K) has identification of the readability.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1090-1096
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of p. Linteus and C. militaris supplement on lactate, phosphorous, ammonia, MDA(malondialdehyde), GPX(glutathione peroxidase) and TAS(total antioxidant status) following $VO_{2max}$, and 85% $VO_{2max}$ exercise. The 15 male college students were divided into three groups: 5 P. liteus supplied(PL), 5 C. militaris supplied(CM), and 5 placebos supplied(PB) and compared the differences between supplement before and after. Obtained results were as follows: In the exercise performance time, there were no differences in PL, CM and PB groups. Regular supplement of P. linteus or C. militaris partially reduces fatigue induction factors. Also, P. linteus or C. militaris supplement decreases MDA, increases GPX and TAS. Therefore, it can be concluded that P. linteus or C. militaris supplement not only have a pharmacological effect for clinical treatment, but also have a maintenance effects on the tissue oxidant-antioxidant system after exercise.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2011

Perceived exertion involves detection and interpretation of sensations arising from the body during physical exercise. Physiological variables such as heart rate and oxygen consumption positively correlate with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). It is unknown whether the accuracy of predicting exercise intensity from RPE differs between men and women. Therefore, it was examined whether men or women could predict relative exercise intensity, determined by oxygen consumption, more accurately from RPE. Ten male and ten female young adult subjects aged 25.1${\pm}$3.52 yr volunteered to participate. RPE were determined by the Borg 15-category scale, and a standard Bruce treadmill protocol was used to perform graded exercise testing. There was no significant difference in slope means between males and females (p=0.501). No significant difference was observed when plotting rates of perceived exertion (RPE) vs. percentage of $VO_2$ max. The relative maximal oxygen consumptions ($VO_{2max,\;}_{rel}$) were 52.36${\pm}$7.35 ml/kg/min for males and 41.44${\pm}$6.71 ml/kg/min for females, respectively and there was a significantly high difference between the two groups in the relative $VO_{2max}$, as well as figures of 4.05${\pm}$0.36 l/min for males and 2.53${\pm}$0.39 l/min for females in the absolute $VO_{2max}$ in this study. There were no significant differences in slope, y-intercept, and standard error of estimate (SEE) between males and females. No significant difference with RPE according to exercise intensity was found between males and females. However, RPE was a useful predictor of exercise intensity in independent genders.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1996

This study was aimed to elucidate the changes in heart rate variability during treadmill exercise at various speeds and grades by spectral analysis. Thirty-three untrained male college students aged $20{\sim}26\;yr $were employed to exercise on a treadmill using 4 speeds (4.02, 5.47, 6.76 and 8.05 km/h) and 6 grades (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%). A fixed speed was selected for each session with the grade increased every 3 min. The electrocardiogram, respiration and the stepping activity were continuously recorded through an A/D converter system on the computer disk. Power spectra of heart rate variability (RRV) were obtained by use of a fast Fourier transform algorithm. The frequency domain was divided into 3 bands: $VLF\;(0{\sim}0.04\;Hz),\;LF\;(0.04 {\sim}0.15\;Hz)\;and\;HF\;(0.15{\sim}1.00\;Hz).$ Heart rate was $74.4{\pm}2.1\;beats/min$ at rest and showed a steady increase during treadmill exercise with increasing speed and grade up to $196.7{\pm}5.0\;beats/min.$ Total power of HRV was $35.0{\pm}6.7\;(beats/min)^{2}$ at rest and progressively decreased during exercise down to $1.9{\pm}0.3\;(beats/min)^{2}.$ The %VLF power of HRV was $34.5{\pm}3.7\; %$ at rest and showed no significant change during exercise except for a decrease observed at the highest intensity of exercise. The %LF power was $44.1{\pm}3.0\;%$ at rest and showed a progressive decrease down to $4.5{\pm}1.0\;%$ during those stages of exercise where heart rate was over 135 beats/min. The %HF power was $21.4{\pm}2.9\;%$ at rest and showed a progressive increase up to $87.1{\pm}6.7\;%$ during higher intensity exercise where heart rate was over 165 beats/min. Peak frequency of HF band was $0.200{\pm}0.018\;Hz$ at rest and was shifted to higher frequencies up to $0.909{\pm}0.048\;Hz$ at heart rates greater than 135 beats/min. Respiratory frequency was $18.0{\pm}1.5$ breaths/min at rest and significantly increased during exercise up to $53.0{\pm}3.7$ breaths/min. Stride frequency during treadmill exercise showed an increasing tendency with increasing speed from $55.6{\pm}0.9$ steps/min at 4.02 km/h to $81.2{\pm}0.6$ at 8.05 km/h. It was concluded that total power of HRV decreased progressively with increasing exercise intensity due to the withdrawal of parasympathetic activity. At higher exercise intensity, % LF power decreased and %HF power increased with its peak frequency shifted to higher values in a progressive mode with increasing speed and grade, reflecting a readjustment in the cardiovascular system and the increased respiration and its rate, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.7656-7666
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of subjective happiness among Korean adolescents and to supply basic data for enhancing to subjective happiness among Korean adolescents. This study used the 2014 Korean Youth Health Risk Behavior On-lin Survey data. It conducted a secondary data analysis of 72,060 cases. It conducted frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis by SPSS 18.0. Although various independent variables influenced on emotional support(t=44.335, p<,001), gender(t=27.730, p<.001), grade(t=25.347, p<.001), economic status(t=-25.345, p<.001), living arrangement(t=-6.158, p<.001), school record(t=-7.512, p<.001), father's educational status(t=-2.378, p<.001), subjective health status(t=46.062, p<.001), depression(t=-23.837, p<.001), sleep(t=19.871, p<.001), level of stress(t=-78.685, p<.001), alcohol(t=-13.481, p<.001) and drug use(t=-2.671, p<.01), smoking(t=-11.988, p<.001), breakfast(t=4.443, p<.001), activity(t=4.757, p<.001) were key factors of subjective happiness among Korean adolescents. The findings of this study were as follow: male middle students, who had emotional support, higher economic status, school record and father's educational level, living with family showed higher levels of subjective happiness. It also having good subjective health status, not depressed, more sufficient sleep, lower stress, no experience of drinking, smoking and drugs, more physical activity and having breakfast showed higher levels of subjective happiness.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to test the effect of pedagogical agent realism and expertise on persona effect. There were two perspectives of the pedagogical agents' social interaction. Self-identification hypothesis argues that complexity of agent image is better to increase social interaction. Subjective identification insists that simplified image is more helpful to facilitate social interaction. However, from the cognitive load theory perspective, learners' expertise can be a major factor to determine persona effect. Sixty-eight college students (male=19 and female=49) participated. The independent variables were the degree of realism of pedagogical agent (detailed vs. simplified image) and the expertise (high prior knowledge group vs. low prior knowledge group). The dependant variables were comprehension test and the agent persona instrument (API). There was no significant difference in comprehension test score; however, there were significant interaction effect on the most constructs of API: 1) facilitating of learning, 2) credible, and 3) human-like. The follow-up analysis of simple main effect revealed that high expertise group showed significantly higher perception of the three construct with high realism of pedagogical agent. The results of study show that learners' expertise plays a key role of perception of persona effect.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.472-487
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• 2016

This study aimed to determine the effects of floral fragrances on human brain waves and moods. A total of 44 subjects participated in this experiment. Group 1 consisted of 11 male and 14 female college students with a mean age of 24.5 years (${\pm}2.23$) and Group 2 consisted of 10 males and 9 females with a mean age of 54.3 years (${\pm}2.98$). Subjects were exposed to floral fragrances of Rosa hybrida, 'Hera' (hereafter referred to as "rose"), Cymbidium faberi (hereafter referred to as "orchid"), or odorless control flowers (hereafter referred to as "control"). Experiments took place in three rooms (rose, orchid, and control). Electroencephalographs (EEGs) were recorded during exposure to the odors and the data were processed using quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) techniques. The changing EEG patterns were analyzed by brain mapping and compressed spectral arrays, and the subjects' preferences (hedonic evaluations) were quantified with an A1 index. Increased activation of absolute alpha waves was verified on six of the eight EEG channels, with the right frontal and left occipital lobes exhibiting no changes and the left parietal region showing the greatest activation. According to the QEEG measurements in the electrode sites over the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, the strongest absolute alpha waves were induced in the parietal lobes, followed by the temporal lobes, with the other lobes showing no significant changes. On brain maps, the orchid fragrance induced greater absolute alpha and absolute mid-beta activities compared with the rose and control fragrances, and the rose fragrance induced high absolute mid-beta activation. To identify emotional responses to floral fragrances, the subjects were requested to fill in a questionnaire and the resulting odor-related emotional descriptors were analyzed using semantic differential and factor analysis. Principal component analysis identified "elegant" as the first principal component describing the floral fragrance, followed by "refreshing" and "aromatic." The subjects gave orchid higher scores for "elegant" and "refreshing," while finding rose more "aromatic." Differences in hedonic evaluation revealed by the A1 index appeared in the 65-115 sec range of scent exposure time. The subjects with ages of around 50 years showed olfactory preferences throughout the entire experimental time of 160 sec, most markedly in the later time segment (115-165 sec), showing an increasing preference with increasing exposure time. We conclude that rose fragrance can improve concentration by creating an aromatic environment conducive to a concentrated and calm state of mind, and orchid fragrance can make people feel pampered and relaxed by creating an elegant and refreshing environment.