• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 1997

Clothing is considered as a means of self-projection in the childhood and children show clear preference on their own favorite clothing on which their latent identity is reflected. Changing sex-role identity, in particular, in the modern complex society specially affects the clothing behavior of children. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clothing behavior of children in conjunction with sen-role identity and home environment variables. This study will provide fundamental information on the clothing behavior in the childhood and be of help in selecting appropriate clothing in accordance with the variation of sex-role identity. Necessary information for this study was obtained through a questionaire. 'Bem sex-role identity inventory' was used to investigate the effect of sex-role identity and the clothing behavior was studied in conjunction with the factors of conformity, dependence, aesthetics and interest. The subjects of investigation are composed of three hundred male and female elementary school students in the 5th and 6th grades. For the statistical analysis of the collected data, percentage(%), mean value(M), standard deviation(SD) and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated and t-test, $x^2$-test, and Duncan's multiple range test were performed. The results form this study are as follows : 1. Sex-role identity shows a little difference according to gender, order of a birth and standard of living. This small difference is shown to be statistically insignificant. 2. In clothing behavior in connection with the sex-role identity, statistically significant trend was not found in typical sex-role identity group. However, clothing behavior in modernistic sex-role identity group exhibits statistically significant results in the factors of dependence, aesthetics and interest at the level of P<.001. 3. As concerns the clothing behavior in connection with gender, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics and interest than girls do. However, boy students show statistically more significant tendency in aesthetics than girls do in connection with the standard of living. Although the clothing behavior associated with the level of parents education, mother's age and existence of mother's job shows a little difference in mean values, statistically significant trend was not detected. 4. Clothing behavior of the children shows a meaningful correlation between the factors. 5. Through 3-dimensional variables analysis, it is found that there is no mutual interaction between gender, sex-role identity and standard of living on the clothing behavior. The results from MCA supplementary analysis reveal that there is difference according to the gender, sex-role identity and standard of living.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.124-133
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• 2010

Objectives: This study is to offer basic data to understand the relationships between mental health, level of depression, and internet addiction of high school students in farming communities for developing a mental health management program for adolescents. Methods: The survey was carried out on a convenience sample of 299 high school students in farming communities during May of 2008. Data analysis procedure included $X^2$-test, t-test, Pearson correlation among Adolescent Mental Health & Problem-behavior Screening Questionnaire (AMPQ), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and Scales of Internet addiction (K-scales). Results: First, the level of mental health according to the AMPQ for subjects from this study showed problematic behavior was lower when compared to other researches. There were statistically significant differences according to the school type for externalization problems and overall problematic behavior. Based on gender, it was even more problematic for male students in regards to externalization problems. Secondly, the level of depression was relatively low : 5.1% for potential risk and 0.3% for high risk. Thirdly, a total of 96.9% were considered normal for Internet addition levels. 1.7% for potential risk, 1.4% for high risk; however, there was no statistically significant difference between each variable. Fourthly, there was a strong relationship between subjects AMPQ, level of depression and Internet addiction. As depression worsens, Internet addiction also becomes stronger. Conclusion: There is a need for awareness of the mental health of adolescents and precautionary measures, the development of a program for early treatment, adequate management, and decisions on the direction of treatment.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.84-102
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• 2020

During the period of rapid industrial growth, specialized high schools were important vocational education institutions trained specialists and technicians. But now, specialized high schools turned into high schools where the low-ranking students who were pushed out of the competition for admission due to a decline in the education population, changes mostly in labor demand in the labor market, and discrimination against skilled workers. In order to solve this problem, the middle school 3rd grade teachers in charge of the middle school can provide early career guidance, so that they can decide to go to the specialized high school according to their aptitude and talent rather than their grades. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between general characteristics and perception of middle school 3rd grade teachers, and the rate of decision to enter specialized high school. In 2018, The middle school 3rd grade teachers in charge in Daejeon metropolitan city were selected. The results of this study were as follows: When 3rd grade teachers in charge are the male teachers 21.01%(M=.2101) of their students go to specialized high schools. When they are teachers who have not graduated from college of education(M=.2110), with doctoral degree(M=0.3064), of their students go to specialized hight schools. Finally, there was a significant positive relationship between perceptions of high school teachers (β1 = .245, p = .000) and high school graduates (β2 = .149, p = .027). The regression equation derived from this is y = -0.56 + 0.037 * β1 + 0.025 * β2 10.1% (R² = 0.101).

• CELLMED
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.12.1-12.13
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• 2024

This study investigated the psychological effects of the creative music fairy tale 'I am a music creator' education program, which was implemented as the convergence educational program of the Seocho Innovation Education District in 2021 for a total of 8 weeks for elementary school students, on Musical Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem. Before verifying the effects after conducting the education program for a total of 8 weeks, a homogeneity verification of the group composition was conducted through a pre-measurement, and it was confirmed that the composition by gender and grade was homogeneous. The results of this study are as follows. First, the results of the pre-test/post-test by research subject showed that the post-test scores in Musical-Interest and Self-Efficacy were slightly higher than the pre-test scores, but there was no significant difference. When Self-Esteem was considered, There was a significant difference, and the post-test scores showed a higher average than the pre-test scores. Second, the results of the pre-test/post-test by gender of the research subject showed that the post-test scores in Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem for male students were slightly higher than the pre-test scores, but there was no significant difference. The post-test scores in Musical-Interest and Self-Efficacy for female students were slightly higher than the pre-test scores, but there was no real significant difference. Self-Esteem showed a significant difference, and the post-test scores showed a higher average than the pre-test scores. Third, the results of the pre-test/post-test by grade of the research subject showed that the post-test scores in Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem for second graders were slightly higher than the pretest scores, but there was no real significant difference. In the 3rd grade, there was a significant difference in the sub-factors of Musical-Interest, interest in music classes, and Self-Esteem, and the post-score showed a higher average than the pre-score. In the 4th grade, the post-scores were slightly higher than the pre-scores in Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem, but there was no significant difference. Through these results, it was confirmed that the integrated music activity approach has a positive influence on elementary school students' Musical-Interest, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Esteem, which are formed in the process of growth and development.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.7-17
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• 2007

There has been an increase in rigid gas permeable contact lens prescription by the optometrists in Korea since 1995. Therefore, the aim of our study was to find out which equipment is needed for adequate RGP contact lens prescription and the level of the clinical knowledge that they have and the level of education for the patient, to seize about the extended lens education programmes for the Korean optometrist. Also, we tried to figure out the problem that they had in the RGP contact lens prescription, to develope the educational programs for students and to improve legal uncertainties, through this research. The result came out with the following through questionnaires of 400 male and female opticians who is in clinical field. The distributions of respondents are 270 male (67.5%), 130 female (32.5%), and 356 optometry major (89%). We found out the optometry-majored people had faster clinical lens prescriptions (p=0.000), 72.5% of opticians prescribe the RGP-Lenses, and 27.5% do not because of laking in experience (P=0.000). They responded that they need slit-lamp, button lamp, fluorescein dry paper, and etc,for prescription or fitting test. In regular-check-up (Follow-up), the result came out very low by 83% of respondents who are not getting it regularly. And 83.5% (334 people) of them wanted to have those Extended Educational Programs and also the Clinical Education Programs.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2000

This study is of investigation of refraction error, spectacles and contact lenses wearing state, visual acuity test, ophthalmologic common sense and vision care, using questionnaire study for 850 male and female high school students in Kunsan and Chongup City, Cheolla North Province. The results are as follows: 1. Among the 823 answerers, emmetropia is 18%, myopia is 55.1%, and hyperopia is 7%, respectively. 2. Among the 837 answerers, 381 students(45.5%) wear spectacles or contact lenses. Among the 381 students who wear spectacles or contact lenses, 78% wear only spectacles, 4% wear only contact lenses and 18% wears spectacles sometimes or contact lenses sometimes. 3. The places where the answerers had visual acuity test to wear spectacles or contact lenses are optical shop(64.7%), hospital(28.3%), unchecked(4.2%) and the others(2.7%). The places where the answerers had visual acuity test to change their spectacles or contact lenses are optical shop(82%), hospital(28.3%), unchecked(6.6%) and the others(1.9%). 4. As for the period of visual acuity test, from 6 months to one year is 54.1%, within 6 months is 9.2%, from one year to two years is 29.5%, and more than two years is 7.2%. 5. The contact lens wearers purchased their contact lenses at optical shops(94%) and at hospital(6%). 6. The reasons why they like wearing contact lenses are their appearance(51.2%), convenience in physical excercise(23.l%), lighter weight than spectacles(9.8%) and the others(15.7%). 7. As for the spectacles frame they like, plastic frame is 24.4%, gold or silver plated frame is 43.4%, coloured frame is 32.1%. 8. As for the considerations in choosing spectacles frame, their design is 37%, their quality is 36%, their price is 14.7% and their brand is 12.5%. 9. As for the period for changing spectacles, 10.5% is within 6 months, 57.3% is 6months to 1 year, 22.4% is 1 year to 2 months and 9.6% is more than 2 years. 10. There is a false fact, in Korea, that even though one has his poor eyesight, not wearing custom is helpful for the eyesight recovery. As for their conviction of the false fact, 10.5% of the answerers have 100% conviction, 22.5% of them have 22.5% conviction, 49.5% of them have 50% conviction and 17.5% of them don't have any conviction. 11. 48.5% of the answerers are interested in their vision care while 51.5% of them are not interested at all. As for the way of vision care, the vision-care way to keep enough distant when they are watching TV, when they are using computers and when they are reading, is 49% while the vision-care way such as hypogastric breathing or eye massage is 11%. And alimentotherapy is 4% and the rest who are not interested in vision care is 36%. 12. When they come to an age, the students who want vision correction operation are 45.9% while the students who do not want it are 27%. The students who do not have any idea about the operation are 27.1%

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.40-48
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• 2010

Objectives The purpose of this study is to get the basic information about the actual amount of consumption of the Health supplements and Herbal Medicines. Also, we investigated the consumption differences according to the regions. Methods 500 questionnaires were handed out to parents of elementary students in O O, Gyeonggi-do province, and 331 questionnaires were collected and evaluated for this study. Results Among the 331 students, 58.4% were female, and 41.6% were male. The percentages of the subjects consuming health supplements and herbal medicines were 67.4% and 59.2% respectively. The maximum period of taking the health supplements were from 1 month to 6 month (49.5%), and the maximum period of taking the herbal medicine was within one month (55.6%). The total cost of the health supplements was less than 100,000won (43.7%), which was the most common while herbal medicine cost was between 100,000won and 200,000won (40.6%). The most common age of consuming the health supplements and herbal medicine for the first time was six to ten years old (47.3%); the case of herbal medicine was one to six years old (64.0%). Most of people purchased health supplements from pharmacy (48.0%), and purchased the herbal medicine from the oriental medical clinic (61.8%). Among those people who purchased health supplements, they bought nutritional supplements (82.8%), red ginseng or ginseng products (43.4%), plum extract products (10.9%), and chlorella products (6.8%). The reason for consuming health supplements was to be healthier even though there is no ongoing illness (47.1%), which was the most common reason. The reason for consuming herbal medicine was to cure weakness (39.3%). For the responses about effectiveness after taking medications, people thought herbal medicine seemed to be more effective compare to health supplements (72.3%, 63% respectively). Only 1.4% of the subjects consuming the health supplements showed adverse effects while herbal medicine showed 4.6%. The most common adverse effects were 'general reaction' caused by the health supplements and dermatologic problems caused by the herbal medications. Conclusions Among 331 subjects, the percentage of consuming the health supplements (67.4%) was higher than the Herbal Medicine (59.2%). The total consuming cost of the herbal medications was higher than general health supplements. Also, the maximum period of consuming the health supplements was longer than herbal medications. Therefore, it is shown that herbal medications have no price competitiveness compare to health supplements. The age of using the herbal medicine for the first time was younger than the health supplements. Even though many people can purchase both health supplements and herbal medication from pharmacies and local oriental medical clinic, it is also shown that some people thought that the health supplements should be purchased from oriental medical hospital (13.9%). The most commonly taken forms of the health supplement was nutrition-supplying products, and the second common health supplements were ginseng and red ginseng. The health supplements were commonly consumed for preventing illness and for maintaining healthy life rather than for cure diseases. On the other hand, the herbal medicine was more commonly consumed to be taller or to treat diseases. More than half of the entire people replied as 'satisfied' for their purchase. Some adverse effects and general reaction were common with the subjects consuming health supplements while dermatological adverse reaction was common with the subjects consuming herbal medications.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2007

Objectives : Recently, many authors investigated the relation of temperament and character to seasonality and the genetic factors in seasonality and personality. In this study, we investigated the relation between personality structure obtained from the psychobiological Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and self-reported seasonal variations in mood and behavior measured by the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Methods : 600 high-school students who live in Seoul of Korea, were participated in this study. Subjects were surveyed with the Korean translation of the SPAQ of Rosenthal, an instrument for investigating mood and behavioral changes with respect to the seasons of the you. Korean version of the TCI of Cloninger was also used for assessment of personality. Results : Female students were significantly higher scores on harm avoidance, reward dependence, and cooperativeness than male students who had significant higher scores on persistence and self·transcendence than the formers. GSS were showed positive correlation with harm avoidance and self-transcendence, and negative correlation with cooperativeness and self-directedness. By employing logistic regressions, the regression coefficients of SAD were significantly negative in SD, and positive in ST. Also, the regression coefficients of S-SAD were significantly negative in CO, and positive in ST. Those with GSS at least 11 were significantly higher mean ST values compared to the remaining individuals, and those with worst in winter were significantly lower mean CO values compared to the remaining individuals. Those who considered the seasonality as a problem at least to a moderate degree were associated with high HA and ST. Conclusion : We add the evidence that the seasonality is related to the temperament and character. Although there have been many reports about the seasonality in relation to the temperament and character in foreign countries, there has been very limited report from Korea before. We hope that this result would be a helpful in the clinical field in Korea.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.502-509
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• 2003

After 800 students of Chonbuk National University was examined, 86 people (male : 43, female : 43, mean age : 22.2 years old) was selected as a group of normal occlusion. From their gypsum cast, this conclusion was obtained. 1. Intra-observer measurement errors in buccolingual diameter, maxillary lateral incisors have somewhat bigger errors. In mesiodistal diameter, maxillary first molars and maxillary second molar have bigger numerical value. Mean errors of measurement are 0.051mm at buccolingual diameter of crown and 0.083mm at mesiodistal diameter. 2. Fluctuating asymmetry is 0.030 average in buccolingual diameter, and 0.037 average in mesiodistal diameter. Statistically there are no big differences. 3. Male has longer buccolingual diameter than female in every permanent teeth. Teeth which have statistical difference in buccolingual diameter are maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary second molar, mandibular central incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular second premolar, and mandibular first molar. In mesiodistal diameter maxillary central incisor, maxillary canine, and mandibular first molar have statistically difference. 4. Tooth which has the biggest difference depending on gender is maxillary lateral incisor in buccolingual diameter and mandibular canine in mesiodistal diameter. 5. Both sexes have similar crown index. Male has bigger value of crown module measurement and crown area measurement in every tooth. Crown area considered as size of tooth from occlusal surface was bigger in male than in female statistically except some teeth, maxillary first premolar, mandibular lateral incisor, first premolar and second premolar.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.385-422
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• 2010

This study examines adolescent delinquent behavior and the influence of friends, focusing specifically on friends' delinquent behavior and the influence of self-efficacy, parent-child conflict and parental control. A total of 1,399 adolescents attending five different high schools (male=642, female=756, consisting of 915 student attending high school and 484 students attending vocational high school) completed a questionnaire developed by Ahn, Hwang, Kim and Park (1997) and Bandura's (1995a) self-efficacy scale. Results indicate that those students who attend high school had parents with higher education, socio-economic status and better studying environment at home, while students attending vocational high school had higher parent-child conflict. Students attending high school had higher self-efficacy scores, while students attending vocational high school had higher scores on delinquent behavior. The results of LISREL analyses revealed a similar pattern for high school and vocational high school students. Combined analysis indicate that friends' delinquent behavior, parent-child conflict and parental control had direct and positive effect on students' delinquency behavior. Self-efficacy had a direct and negative influence of delinquency behavior. Similar pattern was obtained for friends' delinquency behavior, in which self-efficacy had a direct and negative influence of their delinquency behavior and their parent-child conflict and parental control had direct and positive effect on their delinquency behavior. In summary, those students who had lower self-efficacy, higher parent-child conflict and parental control, and with friends who are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior, had higher scores on delinquent behavior. Also, those students who had friends with lower self-efficacy scores and with higher parent-child conflict and parental control are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior, which in turn influenced their delinquent behavior. Friends' delinquent behavior had the greatest influence on students' delinquent behavior indicating the role of friends in influencing delinquency among adolescents.