• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.73-84
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• 2022

This study aims to present the direction of research for rational clothing design and production and improve the productivity of the fashion industry by analyzing the most recent 11 years (from 2010 to 2021) with regard to the clothing construction field. Analyzing the research trends in the field of clothing construction, which is deeply related to clothing production, will suggest the direction of research for clothing design and production. To analyze the current status of research in the field of clothing construction, research trends were analyzed, focusing on 525 research journal articles from six Korean clothing-related journals with terms related to torso and upper and lower limbs. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, the rapid development of IT technology requires changes and innovations in all processes of clothing construction, including body shape analysis and pattern design. Therefore, it is believed that both body shape and pattern research should be continuously conducted to produce clothes with an excellent silhouette and fit depending on the body shape through studies, such as developing 3D patterns and converting 3D body figures into 2D patterns, among others. Second, since body shape studies are concentrated on young, middle-aged, and the elderly, it is believed that various body shape studies should be conducted on infants and elementary, middle, and high school students who have significant changes in body shape due to changes in the living environment. Third, if the content of pattern research is expanded to various items and is widely conducted, it will contribute to the production of clothing that has an excellent fit. Fourth, at a time when aging in society is accelerating, it is believed that research on patterns and clothing systems that can increase the fit of clothing by analyzing the body types of elderly male and female consumers should be actively conducted. Because the analysis was conducted only among six Korean academic journals, there is a limitation in the expanded interpretation of the results derived from this study.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.399-429
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• 2009

The purpose of this research examines the factors that influence happiness among Korean adolescents by focusing on psychological resource (as measured by self-efficacy), relational resource (as measured by social support) and financial resource (as measured by family's monthly income). In addition, the influence of academic achievement on happiness is examined. To examine the influence of socio-economic status and family's monthly income, adolescents living in three different districts in Seoul (from working to middle to upper class districts) were randomly selected and interviewed in their home. A total of 190 elementary school, middle school, high school and university students (male=83, female=107) completed the resiliency of efficacy scale developed by Bandura (1995) and emotional support and happiness scale developed by the present researchers, in addition to background information. The results of the path analysis are as follows. First, the most important predictor of happiness among Korean adolescents is relational resources. In other words, emotional support received from significant others was most predictive of happiness; more than 60 times the effect of family's monthly income, three times the effect of academic achievement, and two times the effect of resiliency of efficacy. The second most important factor that predicted the happiness of Korean adolescents was psychological resource (i.e., resiliency of efficacy), which had 30 times the effect of family's monthly income. In addition resiliency of efficacy played a mediating role between emotional support on one hand and happiness on the other. Third, those respondents who had higher academic achievement reported higher levels of happiness, which had 20 times the effect of family's monthly income. Fourth, family monthly income did not predict happiness among Korean adolescents. Fifth, socio-economic status and school level did not have direct influence on happiness but had mediating influence through their influence on emotional support. In other words, those respondents with higher socio-economic status and elementary school students were more likely to receive social support from significant others, which in turn increased their happiness. These results indicate that the most important predictor of happiness among Korean adolescents is emotional support, followed by resiliency of effic acy and academic achievement, indicating that those adolescents from wealthy families are not necessarily happier.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.444-450
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• 2009

This study examined the preferred salinity levels of soups by different demographic groups in order to establish desirable serving conditions for soups with respect to customer satisfaction and health. The salinity levels were measured in August and November to determine seasonal variations using a digital salinity measuring device. Four demographic groups totaling 1,723 individuals were surveyed from institutional foodservice establishments (IFEs) in elementary schools (ES: male 202/female 194), middle-high schools (MHS: 268/216), universities (UNIV: 208/238), and companies (COM: 182/215) in Seoul. Various thin or thick soups typically offered in foodservice establishments were served salty (1.2%) and less salty (0.4%) at $55{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in a 50 mL portion. The preferred salinities of the soups were found to be 0.71%, 0.79%, 0.76%, and 0.74% for ES, MHS, UNIV, and COM, respectively. Men had 0.02~0.08% higher preferences than women in ES, MHS and UNIV. The customers also preferred higher salinity levels in November than in August, and in thick soups than in thin soups. The salinities preferred by school children were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those of soups by the IFEs. A similar observation was made for MHS, in which each IFE served the soups with significantly (p<0.01) higher salinities than those preferred by the students. Again, at two COM IFEs, the salinities of the soups served were significantly higher than those preferred by the customers. However, for one of UNIV, the salinity of the served soup was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that preferred by the students, while in the two other UNIV no significant differences were noted between the salinity of the served soup and the level preferred by customers. The surveys showed that 9 out of 12 IFEs served soups having salinities that were significantly higher than those preferred by customers. In particular, regardless of preference, the MHS group was served soups with higher salinity levels than the other demographic groups. The salinities of the soups provided by the IFEs were unnecessarily high for the levels preferred by the customers. Therefore, IFEs should make an effort to serve soups that are less salty soups to enhance public health.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 1999

Purpose : The urinary mass screening program for the detection of proteinuria in school aged population has been performed in Seoul since 1981. Systematic evaluation in corporation with the Seoul School Health Center for students with proteinuria identified in the mass screening has been performed from 1987. The results of urinary mass screening up to 1994 was reported. I report here the results of urinary mass screening from 1995 to 1997 and compare them with previous results and attempt to reveal the significance of urinary mass screening. Objects and Methods : In the 3-year period between 1995 and 1997, annually about 460,000 students comprising 3 different age groups; 5th grade of elementary school, 2nd grade of middle school and 2nd grade of high school were chosen, corresponding to the approximate ages of 11, 14, and 17 years, respectively. These subjects accounted for 26% of total school aged children in Seoul. The screening program was carried out in 3 steps. The 1st test was performed with dipstick at school and the 2nd at the Seoul School Health Center. Those students who showed proteinuria in the 1st and 2nd tests were referred to the hospital. Laboratory examinations including renal biopsies were performed to those students with pathologic proteinuria to clarify the incipient renal diseases. Results : 1) The prevalence of asymptomatic proteinuria was 0.28% in the 1st test. It peaked at the group of 14 years old as 0.34%, compared with 0.26% at the group of 11 years old and 0.24% at the group of 17 years old. It reached to 0.26% in male and 0.30% in female. 2) 25 percent of those having proteinuria at the first test were positive at the second test. 3) The proportion of patients with proteinuria by 3rd test were as follows; 25% of transient proteinuria, 55% of orthostatic proteinuria, 6% of constant proteinuria, 12% of proteinuria with hematuria, and 2% of transient proteinuria with isolated hematuria. Pathologic proteinuria were totaled as 20%. The prevalence of renal diseases among the age group of 7-18 years old was estimated to be 1.4 per 10,000. 4) Renal biopsy performed on 38 children with proteinuria at the third test revealed IgA nephropathy in 17(44%), focal segmental glomerusclerosis in 5(13%), minimal change disease in 4(11%), membranoproliferative glomeronephritis in 3(8%), $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ purpura nephritis in 3(8%), and others in 6(16%). Therefore, the prevalence of IgA nephropathy among the age group of 7-18 years old was estimated to be 0.64 per 10,000. 5) The prevalence of chronic renal failure was estimated to be 5.7 per 1 million of 7 to 18 years age group. Conclusions : 1) The prevalence of proteinuria in the first screening test was 0.28% and finally only 5% of them showed the pathologic proteinuria at the third test. 2) The prevalence of IgA nephropathy and chronic renal failure were 0.63 per 10,000 and 5.7 per 1 million, respectively among school-aged children in Seoul.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.497-509
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• 1995

With socioeconomic development and change of esthetic recognition, the demand for orthodontic treatment and number of orthodontic patients has been increasing so rapidly. And frequency of malocclusion was changed. So this study was done in an attempt to provide an epidemiologic study so that we can accomodate their orthodontic needs adequately and to obtain the reliable quantitative information regarding the characteristics of orthodontic patients who visited Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Hospital from 1985 to 1994. Following results were obtained. 1. The total number of orthodontic patients of SNUDH during 1990-1994 increased in comparing with that of 1985-1989. And it showed that the number of annual patients was increasing trend. 2. The total number of female patients was 1.59 times as high as that of male. It showed that the annual percentage of female patients has been increasing and that of male patients has been decreasing. So demands for orthodontic treatment of malocclusion of female patients were higher than that of male patients. 3. Each total percentage of class I, class II div.1, class II div. 2 and class III was 35.98%, 14.00%, 1.74% and 48.28%. The annual percentage of class I group had been decreasing but it has increased at 1994. However that of Class III group had been increasing until 1991 but it has been decreasing. 4. Each percentage of less than 6 year-old group, D to 8 year-old group, 8 to 12 year-old group, 12 to 18 year-old group and more than 18 year-old group was 2.65%, 8.63%, 32.50%, 27.74% and 28.48%. Annual percentage of 12 to 18 year-old group ( middle & high school students group ) had been decreasing but it has been increasing. However 18 year-old group had been increasing but it has been decreasing. So entrance examination for college and university is an important factor to distribution of age group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.183-195
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate dietary behavior patterns of high school students. As for regularity of meal, female students were significantly more regular than those of the male students in a day. They answered 'between 4th and 6th grades in elementary school' as 'the time for formation about number of meal intake'. As for a highly influential meal, males were higher answered 'lunch (41.0%)' while females were higher answered 'breakfast (39.8%)'. About 'number of meals per day by the grade', they ate 3 times per day mostly. As for the time for formation about number of meal intake: 'before 4th to 6th in elementary school'> 'before elementary school'. In the result of regularity of meal and general characteristics, a family of 5 was higher in regularity and those with pocket money showed lower regularity in meal. As for the person who prepares a meal, mothers prepared meals regularly. Also, higher parents age and education level resulted in more regularity in meals. In number of meals per day and general characteristics, they were eating 3 times; moreover, this trend was evident as parents' age and education level and the household income was higher. Students answered generally regularity in meal in family where parents' jobs were administrative assistant (father job (56.9%)) and housewife (mother (56.9%). In the formation time of meal intake number and general characteristics, they answered order 'middle school'> 'before elementary school'. A highly influential meal, they answered as the highest 'lunch' (37.6%). This study may provide information on dietary behavior of high school students, suggesting that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and develop positive behavior.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.116-186
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• 1983

An epidemiological study on Clonorchis sinensis infection along the Nam-river (total length ; 186km) flowing in Gyeongsang-nam-do, southern part of Korea, was carried out. Formalin-ether concentration technique and Stoll's egg counting method were employed to figure out the prevalence of C. sinensis infection. For the detection of cercariae from Parafossarulus sp., the snail host of C. sinensis, each snail was placed in aerated tap water, and examined for expelled cercariae. For observing the metacercariae the fresh water fish favorably eaten in raw conditions wore prepared by means of pressing the muscles between two slide glasses and/or by digesting them with artificial gastric juice. The fresh water fish were fed to the rabbits to get the worms and to identify the morphology of adult C. sinensis. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Overall Prevalence of C. sinensis infection was 38.75 from 5,291 examinees; 44.15 (1,408 out of 3,196) in male and 30.4% (637 out of 2,095) in female. 2. The prevalence rates were 42.0% at the upper stream, 41.2% around the vicinity of Jinyanglake, 34.2% at Jinju city, 34.2% at middle stream and 40.3% at down stream regions, respectively. 3. By age, the highest positive rate (53.4∼54.3%) was observed in 30 to 59 years of age. In this age group, the rate in males was 59.7∼62.2%, and in females 42.2∼44.4%, In the age group of less than 19 years it was 7.5∼20.9%. 4. By social strata, the positive rate was 16.5% in the primary school children, 22.6% in school students, 46.2% in teachers and local officers and 49.6% in the general inhabitants. 5. The quantitative examinations with the stool collected from clonorchiasis cases revealed that the light infection (less than 4,000/EPG) was 53.6%, moderate infection (4,001∼10,000 /EPG) 30.3% and heavy infection (more than 10,001/EPG) 16.1%, respectively. More than half of total cases examined were light infection, and 73.2% of female examinees were lightly infected with this cuke. 6. The average value of EPG was 4,963 (male, 6,057; female, 2,557 and the highest value was obtained from the age group of 30 to 59 years (5,240∼6,454). 7. The prevalence of Metagonimus yokogawai infection in humans was 5.5%, and 89.8% of metagonimiasis cases wore double-infected arith C. sinensis. The highest prevalence rate was observed in Jinju city (11.2%). 8. Total of 5,005 Parafossarulus sp., the snail intermediate host of C. sinensis, were examined for the detection of cercariae. The cercarial expulsion rate was 0.34%, and the snails collected in Jin-yang-lake side and in the down stream expelled mainly the cercariae of C, sinensis. 9. About 788 cercariaejday (range: 127∼1,503) were expelled daily from a snail naturally infected with C. sinensis. The snails which released more than 1,000 cercariae/day were 30.8% out of total collected. A snail uniquely released 5,840 cercariae/day in this study. 10. The other trematode cercariae besides C. sinensis were also detected, and the rates out of total snails were the cercariae of Losogenes liberum 6.71%, Cyathocotyle orientalis 0.26%, Notocotylus attenuatus 2.52% and Mucobucaris 0.54%, 11. Ten out of 18 species of fresh water fish caught along the river harbored the metacercariae of C, sinensis. The highest rate of metacercarial infection in fish was detected in Pseudorasbora larva (85.9%). The fish mainly eaten by the inhabitants along the Nam-river, and the metacercarial infection rates were: Zacco platypus 8.0%, Hemibarbus sp. 18.2∼26.7%, Gnathepcgcn sp. 37.5%, Ischikauia steenackeri 42.9% and Pseudogobio esocinus 16.7%. 12. Out of 36 P. larva, the number of metacercariae were about 109 (ranEe; 18∼446) per fish and 27 per gram of flesh. The fish caught in spring harbored the highest number of metacercariae. As indicated above, the prevalence of C. sinensis infection in the inhabitants residing around the Nam-river was relatively high. The farther toward the upper stream areas, the higher was the positive rate of C. sinensis infection, and most of clonorchiasis cases were lightly infected. The snail hosts of C. sinensis distributed all around the Nam-river. Several species of freshwater fish were infected with the metacercariae of C. sinensis and the infection rates were relatively high. To prevent C. sinensis infection in the endemic areas, the effective health education system is suggested as a control measure, although mass treatment is also expected to be useful, using chemotherapeutic agents such as "praziquantel", a recently developed anthelminthic for C. sinensis inftraction.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 1989

The study was designed. to analyse the factors effecting to smoking and drinking of community people in rural area. The study has been surveyed through interviews by trained college students for 1,846 residents who live in rural area(Eup or Myun office is located)for 20days(from 3rd. to 22M. in August, 1988) The summary and conclusions are as follows. 1. The number of answers on the questionaires was 1846. And the percent of man was 55.7 %(woman 44.3 %). Among age group 20-29 years group with 30.4 % was larger than any other group. Anaverage age of answers was 38.6 years. 2.In the period of residence, 21.5 % of the residents lived within 5 years(This group was larger than any other group). In occupations, workers in agriculture and fishing was more than other job occupants. In education, the percent of high school graduates was 44.0 %(higher than any other group) 3.The smoking rate of rural residents was 41.8 %and man's smoking rate was 76.0 % (woman's smoking rate was 7.6 %). These rates were higher than the rates in 1985 (The smoking rate of nation was 32.0 %). First of all, woman's smoking rate increased rapidly 4.As for smoking amount, in male 52.8% of smokers smoked a cigarette case (20 cigarettes) in a day, and 16.9 % of smokers smoked more than one cigarette case. In female 42.5 % of woman smokers smoked a half case in a day and the rate of non-smokers diminished to 77.8 % 5.The rate of non-smokers in 21-29 years group was higher than any other group and a smoking rate increased as an age increased. However, a smoking amount decreased as an age increased. This suggests that people are more concerning about their health as their ages increase.. 6.The smoking rate of college graduates was 58.8 %(higher than any other group) and in a smoking amount 36.4 % of college graduates, 29.8 % of high school graduates smoked more than a cigarette case in a day. This shows that people in a higher education group smoke more than those in other groups. 7.As for non-smoking rate, students, service job workers, company employees, and teachers was 54.1%, 43.4%. 40.1% and 39.5%. respectively. As for smoking rate, workers in agriculture and fishing was the highest level of all job employees. Public officers smoked less than the workers in agriculture and the smoking rate of teachers was less than that of public officers. with regard to smoking amount. above one cigarette case in a day was 39.9 % in public officers, 39.2 % workers in agriculture and fishing, 37.9 % in businessmen, 34.2 % in teachers, 31.9 % in service job employees and 31.6 % in a company employees. 8.The variables which had an effect on smoking were sex (B=.1701), job(B=.1688), education(B=.1671), age(B=.1125). These variables were significant in P＜0.05 statistically. Explanatory variance level was 19% 9.The drinking rate of community residents was 61.8% and man's drinking rate was 81.7%(woman's drinking rate was 38.9%). As drinking rate 18.0%(the highest rate) of man drinkers drank 3 bottles of beer in a general drinking and 12.1% of them drank more than 10 bottles. 12.1% (the highest rate)of woman drinkers drank 2 cups of beer. The rising rate of woman's drinking of alcohol was remarkable. 10.Each non-drinking rate of age groups was 27.6% (in 20-30 years group), 28.0% (in 30-39 years group), 28.9%(in 40-49 years group) and 32,6%(in 50-59 years group), 10,7%(the highest rate) of 20-29 and 30-39 years groups drank above 3 bottles. 7.5% of 20-29 years group and 7.7% of 30-39 years group drank above 10 bottles. In 40-49 years group, 14.4 % of them drank a bottle and 8.1% of them drank above 10 bottles. In 50-59years group, 14,2% of them drank 2 bottles and 5.3 % of them drank above 10 bottles. This shows that a drinking rate decresed as an age increased. 11.Non-drinking rate was higher as an education level was lower. Each non-drinking rate of non-educated group, elementary school group, middle school group and high school group was 41.0 % of high school graduates and 14.5 % of college graduates drank 3 bottles of beer. 9.7 %(the highest rate) of college graduates drank above 10 bottles, in general drinking. 12.Each non-drinking rate of businessmen, farmers, service job workers, and students was 31.3%, 28.2%, 26.8% and 25.9%. However, Each drinking rate of public officers, company employees and teachers was 73.3 %, 72.2 % and 68.4 %. This tells us that the drinking rate of mental workers is higher than that of physical workers. 14.9 % of farmers and 14.4 % of public officers drank 3 bottles at a time. 10.5 % of teachers and 9.9 % of public officers drank above 10 bottles. 13.The variables which affect on drinking were sex(B=.1545), education(B=.1476), job(B=.1064), and age(B=.1052). These variables were significant in the level of 0.05 % and explanatory variance level was 18 %. 14.Government have to educate people and demonstrate the health hazards caused by smoking and over-drinking. Especially, No-smoking campaign for woman and education not to over drink for professional job workers are necessary.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.175-185
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• 2004

Objective : For investigating correlation among diagnostic types, MMPI results and Sasang constitutions, in out-patients of Oriental Neuropsychiatry. Method: We got the following result by comparing the out-patients' MMPI and QSCCII from 2000/12/1 to 2001/12/30 at Sanbon Hospital of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University. Result and Conclusion: 1. A specific character of population for study's objects was that female (128, 68.4%) was twice bigger that the male(59, 31.6%). And their education levels were 52 of college graduate (27.8%), 40 of high school graduate (21.4%), and 14 of middle school graduate (14 %). A distribution of the occupation, there are 62 of labors (33.2%), 62 of white collars (33.2%), 30 of sales (16%), 16 of students (8.6%). Their marrige statuses were 144 of married (77%), 31 of single (16.6%), 4 of divorced (2.1%), and 1 of bereavement (0.5%). 2. In the physical constitutions there were 70 of Soeumin(37.4%), 56 of Soyangin(29.9%) 55 of Taeumin (29.4%), 6 of others (3.2%). A differentiation with their diagnosis, there were 55 of palpitations (29.4%), 45 of depression (24.1%), 18 of women's diseases (9.6%), 14 of insomnia (7.5%), 13 of headache (7%), 8 of pain (4.3%), 8 of hwabyung (4.3%), 7 of psychosis (3.7%), 4 of dizziness (2.1%), and 15 of others(8%). 3. A result of groupling MMPI, we could classify into 4 different groups. Group 1 is a profile of trasition in a neurosis. Group 2 is a proflie of a mental disease. Group 3 is a proflie of $'{\wedge}'$ type neurosis. And group 4 has normal profile. 4. Regarding each group with physical constitution and a distribution of diagnosis, Group 1 is found out 36.4 % of Soeumin, 34.10 % of palpitations. And group 2 showed 43.6% of Soyangin, 25.6% of depression. Group 3 showed 46.4% of Soyangin, 31.90% of palpitations. Group 4 showed the most in 34.3% of Soyangin, and 31.40% of palpitations 5. A result of the study using Chi-square test is that there is no correlation between the 4 different groups and the Sasang physical constitution.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.361-371
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• 1998

Recent increases of asthma and allergies in childhood made the need for a standardized approach to international and regional comparisons of their prevalence and severity. To address these issues, 'International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)' is currently underway. In Korea, 'Nationwide Study of Asthma and Allergies in Korean Children' began in 1995 according to ISAAC protocol. ISAAC written and video questionnaires were used in this survey, but their reliability and validity were not evaluated properly yet. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the reliability and validity of two kinds of questionnaires and their usefulness in international and regional comparisons. The test and retest of two questionniares were completed by male(n=110) and female(n=111) middle school students with two and three weeks interval each. Kappa(or weighted kappa) were calculated from each questions and validity coefficients were estimated from those statistics. In Korean version of written questionnaire, the questions for allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and food allergy proved to have high kappa values (or weighted kappa values) and validity coefficients and they can be used in further studies without any correction. But some questions about asthma(especially nocturnal cough, wheezing in exercise, and severe asthma) and drug allergy need to be revised for better under-standing to study subjects. Video questionnaire has the same degree of reliability and validity when compared to written questionnaire and this is the unexpected result. Accordingly, it also need to be revised to overcome the racial and cultural differences of the study subjects. In conclusion, the Korean version of written and video questionnaires may be considered to be useful methods in international and regional comparisons of asthma and allergic diseases in childhood after correction of some questions.