• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.262-268
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• 1989

The composition of glycolipid, phospholipid and fatty acid of brown rice, milled rice and bran were studied for four varieties of rice such as Nampung, Milyang # 23, Whasung and Jinhung. The content of esterified steryl glycosides(ESG) in glycolipids was the highest in the brown rice, milled rice and bran. Monogalactosyl diglycerides(MGDG) and steryl glycosides(SG) were the second highest. Of the phospholipids, phosphatidyl cholines(PC) + phosphatidyl serines(PS) were the next. Fatty acid composition of glycolipids were different from total lipids and neutral lipids in brown rice and milled rice. Palmitic acid content was very high and oleic acid content was low in glycolipids. The major fatty acid components of phospholipids in brown and milled rice were also palmitic, linoleic and oleic acid. In the bran, the major fatty acid classes were different from those of milled rice.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2014

The ${\gamma}$-oryzanol, ferulic acid esters, which are well-known for their function on cholesterol lowering and prevention of inflammation, diabetes and cancer, are found in the seeds of cereal crops such as rice, corn, wheat and rye. Among them, rice has been reported to contain the highest ferulic acid esters. Since rice cultivation with green manure as a N source is an environmental friendly agricultural practice, it is necessary to identify and quantify as well as evaluate the variations in these compounds in rice samples as affected by different green manure conditions. A total of ten components of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol were isolated and cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and sitosteryl ferulate were identified as the major components in Korean rice cultivars, 'Unkwang' and 'Hopum'. Comparing the ${\gamma}$-oryzanol contents of these varieties, 'Unkwang' showed clearly similar pattern with conventional type. With the PLS-DA (partial least squares of discriminant analysis) using SIMCA 11.0 ver., the specific pattern and cluster of ${\gamma}$-oryzanol scores with green manure conditions were confirmed, and thus distinguishing green manure effects were possible.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.439-447
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• 2010

Riptortus clavatus, one of the many insects in major crops, damages pods and seeds, which reduces seed vigor and viability in soybeans. This study was conducted to examine the effect of diversely damaged seeds by R. clavatus on seed germination and seedling emergence and to determine the association of damaged seed with quality and yield of soybean sprouts. All seeds damaged by R. clavatus significantly (P<0.05) reduced seed vigor as measured by the rates of seed germination, germination speed, and seedling emergence. Mean seed germination rate of non-damaged seeds in sprout-soybean varieties was 97.8%, whereas the rates of seeds damaged at different levels, 31-50% and 51-80%, were 23.0 and 5.4%, respectively. The rates of seedling rot and abnormal, incomplete germination significantly (P<0.05) increased as the amount of seeds damaged by R. clavatus increased to 5, 10 and 15% against the total seeds for sprout production. Yield of soybean sprouts from seeds damaged at different levels decreased up to 13% as compared to that in normal seeds. In customer preferences on soybean sprout produce, 84% of customers participated in survey preferred to purchase sprouts from seeds with 5% of damaged seeds, but sprouts produced from seeds with 15% of damaged seeds were intended to purchase only by 22% of the customers. Areas of the seed damaged by R. clavatus were readily infected by pathogens as the seed germinated, resulted in deteriorated quality and reduced yield of sprout produce.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 1981

Fermented foods available in Korea may be classified into four groups, namely, fermented soybean products, fermented cereal products, fermented vegetable products, and fermented fishery products based on raw materials used. The representative fermented foods based on soybean are Kanjang(soysauce), Doenjang(fermented soybean pastes), and Kochujang(red pepper added-fermented soybean paste). Such fermented products are made using Meju(functioning as a starter and prepared by fermentation of steamed soybean mash) as an essential ingredient, and used widely as a soup base and/or in seasoning side-dishes for everyday meals year around. Excepting Sikhae, all fermented products based on rice and other cereal grains are of alcoholic nature. Takju (Makgeolli) used to be made using rice as the major raw material, however, mainly due to the shortage of rice in recent years, other cereals, such as, barely, corn, and wheat flours are also used to replace rice today. Owing to such changes in the raw materials. the popularity of Takju has been somewhat reduced, yet it is still widely consumed in rural areas. Although Chungju is a popular rice wine with superior qualify over Takju, the amount consumed is considerably limited. The highest qualify rice wine, Bupju, in particular, is made by a low temperature fermentation using glutinous rice. Kimchi is an unique fermented vegetable product of long tradition in Korea. Although it was for consumption mainly in winter season serving as a source of vitamins, today it is widely used throughout the year. Except Kkakdugi and Dongchimi, all of the fermented vegetable products contain salted Korean cabbage as an essential item, while they abound in varieties depending on material composition and methods of processing, and also on seasons and localities Next to Kimchi in this category is Kkakdugi made of raddish in popularity and quantity consumed. The four groups of fermented food products described above are reviewed in some detail and evaluated in terms of their nutritional significances, processes and microorganisms involved. and their commercial potentials. Jeotkal (or Jeot) is a name given to all fermented products of fishery origin. A number of Jeot can be prepared by adding salt and allowing fermentation to the raw materials such as shrimp, anchovy octopus, clam, oyster, etc.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1982

The binders introduced in Korea were originally designed to be used for Japonica-type varieties which have relatively long stem and are highly resistant to shattering. In order to use it for Tongil varieties which are short and easy to be shattered, mechanical modifications are necessary to reduce a grain loss incurred during binder operation. This study was intended to investigate analytically and experimentally the major sources of grain losses caused by three kinds of binders now introduced in Korea. Actual modification for each of three binders was done and experimentally compared to see if any improvement on grain loss was achieved. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows; 1. It was required that the power transmission of binder should have a shifting mechanism so that velocities of pick-up and traveling units could be changed independently as desired according to the Japonica-type and Tongil varieties. In other words, the desired velocity of traveling unit should be obtained by shifting the transmission and the velocity of pick-up unit should be selected by reaping clutch according to the variety independent of the velocity of traveling unit as shown in Fig. 6. 2. To reduce grain loss it was desired that the moving parts of the pick-up unit should have the lowest possible velocities in harvesting Tongil varieties, unless the reduction of the speed be hindered the conveyance of the material. Based on the study, it was concluded that the velocities of pick-up unit be reduced by about 35% of those of the existing units. 3. It was found that the lug at the upper rotating section of pick-up case gave a severe impact on the ears of rice to increase grain loss. The optimum design of pick-up case to protect the ears from the protruding part of the lug was recommended by the result of analysis of the trajectory of the end-point of lug at the position. 4. It was proved analytically and experimentally that pick-up unit at the lower-rotating part was the other important source of grain loss in pick-up and divider assembly. In order to reduce a grain loss incurred by lugs at their lower-rotating section, it was suggested to improve it by (1) widening the space between right and left lower-rotating section, (2) shortening the length of lugs, (3) enlargement of the angle between the pick-up case and ground-level, and (4) attaching guard to right and left dividers so that the rotating lug could not give a high impact to the paddy hill. 5. Pick-up and divider assembly of the original binder of three models studied was modified according to the suggestions that were given by the preliminary study. Field test showed that the modified binders were able to reduce grain losses by about 0.4-0.7 percentage points compared to those without modification.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2022

Rice is one of the three major grains globally, and has been used as a staple food in Asian countries for a long time. In recent years, with the increase in the use of processed rice, the development and distribution of rice flour varieties have become a research focus. However, rice flour varieties are susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). In this study, the optimal transplanting date for rice flour varieties for maximum yield production with PHS avoidance was examined. Four rice flour varieties with different maturity types (early maturing type, Garumi2 and medium-late maturing type, Seolgaeng, Hangaru, and Singil) were selected. The field experiment was conducted in Chuncheon (Central Plain area) and Cheorwon (Northern Plain area), Gangwon Province, Republic of Korea, from 2017 to 2019. The transplanting dates used were May 10, May 20, May 30, June 10, and June 20 in Chuncheon and April 30, May 10, May 20, May 30, and June 10 in Cheorwon. In Chuncheon, late transplantation decreased PHS in Garumi2. In Cheorwon, PHS in Garumi2 decreased with transplantation dates after May 20. The PHS decreased in Seolgaeng, Hangaru, and Singil with late transplantation in Chuncheon and Cheorwon. The optimal transplanting date for maximum yield production while avoiding PHS for Garumi2 was estimated to be June 10 in Chuncheon and May 25 in Cheorwon; for Seolgaeng, the optimal transplanting dates were May 20 in Chuncheon and May 15 in Cheorwon; for Hangaru, it was estimated to be May 30 in Chuncheon and May 15 in Cheorwon; and for Singil, the optimal dates were May 25 in Chuncheon and May 15 in Cheorwon.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.84-89
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• 2013

The incidence factors of Rice stripe virus (RSV) were analyzed by studying the population density and the viruliferous insect rate (VIR) of small brown planthopper (SBPH), the incidence of stripe disease, alternate host, and susceptible cultivar in Chungnam Province. The population of overwintering SBPH had been decreasing, but the VIR of overwintering SBPH had not been differing for three years, 2008 to 2010. No RSV was detected in the natural host plants, such as short awn, annual bluegrass, and barley. In 2009, relatively large population of SBPH with the VIR of 5.4% migrated from China. However, there was no evidence relating of migration large amount of SBPH from China in 2008 and 2010. Also the infection rate of RSV in rice was less than 1% in these periods. The cultivation area of the susceptible varieties had steadily decreased from 41% to 19% from 2007 to 2009. Therefore, the reduction factors of rice stripe disease in Chungnam Province with higher influx of inoculum could be with an appropriate forecasting and chemical control, cultivation of resistant varieties, changes in the cropping system, and the low winter-spring temperature.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.18-25
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• 1983

The binders introduced in Korea were originally designed to be used for Japonica varieties which have realtively long stem and are highly resistant to shattering. In order to use it for Tongil varieties which are short and easy to be shattered, mechanical modifications are necessary to reduce a grain loss incurred during its operation. This study was intended to investigate the binding unit, one of the major factors affecting grain losses. The binding parts of three binders used in Korea were analyzed and the grain loss was experimentally assessed for these binders. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows: 1. From the motion analysis of discharge mechanism, the trajectory of the discharge arm appeared to be either circular or skewed elliptic. The velocity of a circular path mechanism was constant and smaller than that of a skewed elliptic path mechanism. The discharge grain loss of the former was about twice less than that of the latter. 2. It was found that the grain loss incurred due to the collision of the paddy bundles and ground was considerably high for Tongil varieties. The auxiliary discharge bar gave a significant influence on the motion and posture of the bundles, and the degree of impact on ground. 3. The installation of an auxiliary bar, which guides the paddy bundles smoothly to ground in order to reduce impact when the bundles fall down on ground, appeared to be very effective since the grain losses could be decreased by about 1.6 percentage point. However, the guide bar should be installed after some mechanical modification to reduce the velocity of discharge arm has been made.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.486-486
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• 2018

During the post green revolution era, wheat and rice were the main crops of concern to cater the food security issues of Pakistan. The use of semi dwarf high yielding varieties along with extensive use of fertilizers and surface and ground water lead to substantial increase in crop production. However, the higher crop productivity came at the cost of over exploitation of the precious land and water resources, which ultimately has resulted in the dwindling production rates, loss of soil fertility, and qualitative and quantitative deterioration of both surface and ground water bodies. Recently, during the past two decades, severe climate changes are further pushing the Pakistan's wheat-rice system towards its limits. This necessitates a careful analysis of the current crop water requirements and water footprints (both green and blue) to project the future trends under the most likely climate change phenomenon. This was done by using the FAO developed CROPWAT model v 8.0, coupled with the statistically-downscaled climate projections from the 8 Global Circulation Models (GCMs), for the two future time slices, 2030s (2021-2050) and 2060s (2051-2080), under the two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): 4.5 and 8.5. The wheat-rice production system of Punjab, Pakistan was considered as a case study in exploration of how the changing climate might influence the crop water requirements and water footprints of the two major crops. Under the worst, most likely future scenario of temperature rise and rainfall reduction, the crop water requirements and water footprints, especially blue, increased, owing to the elevated irrigation demands originating from the accelerated evapotranspiration rates. A probable increase in rainfall as envisaged by some GCMs may partly alleviate the adverse impacts of the temperature rise but the higher uncertainties associated with the predicated rainfall patterns is worth considering before reaching a final conclusion. The total water footprints were continuously increasing implying that future climate would profoundly influence the crop evapotranspiration demands. The results highlighted the significance of the irrigation water availability in order to sustain and improve the wheat-rice production system of Punjab, Pakistan.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 1977

The affect of perennial weeds to rice yield and rice growing was evaluated. Rice heading date was shortened 1-4days and rice culm length was shortened 5-10cm in heavy weed growing condition. The ratio of yield reduction were about 50% in Cyperus serotinus, about 57 in Potamogeton distinctus in both rice varieties and about 60% of Eleocharis kuroguwal in heavy perennial growing condition.