• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.24-28
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• 2009

Purpose: As a recipient vessel, internal mammary vessels have many advantages for microvascular reconstruction of the breast. But the approach is time consuming and results in large morbidities. However, the perforating branches of the internal mammary vessels can be used to minimize such demerits. The purpose of this cadaver study is to clarify the location and diameter of the perforating branches of internal mammary vessels and to prove they are safe and reliable recipient vessels. Methods: We studied 11 formalin - fixed cadavers and dissected their anterior chests bilaterally. The chests were exposed using midline presternal incisions. We dissected and found all perforators at subfascial planes under loupe magnification. The number, external diameter, and the distance from the midline were measured. Result: The mean external diameter of the arterial perforators was 1.32 mm and the mean external diameter of the venous perforators was 1.48 mm. The largest arterial and venous perforators were most frequently found in the second intercostal space. The mean distance from the midline to the perforator was evaluated; the artery averaged 1.95 cm and the vein averaged 2.08 cm. Conclusion: This study will be helpful when using the internal mammary perforating vessels as a recipient vessel during breast reconstruction.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2000

Standard plaque assay using agarose-overlay has long been used for titration of many infectious virus particle. Plaque assay for the titration of varicella-zoster virus and its live vaccine requires three intermittent agarose overlay to visualize plaques. Overall procedure of the assay takes at least nine days from virus inoculation and microbe contamination including fungi is frequently accompanied during incubation period. We studied whether an immunofocus assay in conjunction with peroxidase-mediated immunohistochemical reaction may replace the standard plaque assay for the virus titration by comparing the two methods. A linear relationship was observed between number of foci and virus dilution. The number of foci in a given dilution of virus appeared a little higher than counted plaques formed in standard plaque assay. Independent titration results obtained from two assay methods for a given dilution of virus demonstrated a strong correlation ($r^2=0.99$). Foci of virus infected cells as revealed by the enzyme reaction could be counted either 4 days post-infection (p.i.) under low magnification (40X) microscopy, or 6 days p.i. by naked eye observation. Larger size of cell cuture plate, virus adsorption at $35^{\circ}C$, and 10% FBS in diluent appeared to be better conditions for the assay. Immunofocus assay will be an effective and dependable titration method for varicella-zoster virus and its live vaccine in place of the standard plaque assay in respect to accuracy, costs, and experimental convenience.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2008

The pitch and orthogonality of two-dimensional (2-D) gratings were measured using a metrological atomic force microscope (MAFM), and the measurement uncertainty was analyzed. Gratings are typical standard devices for the calibration of precision microscopes, Since the magnification and orthogonality in two perpendicular axes of microscopes can be calibrated simultaneously using 2-D gratings, it is important to certify the pitch and orthogonality of such gratings accurately for nanometrology. In the measurement of 2-D gratings, the MAFM can be used effectively for its nanometric resolution and uncertainty, but a new measurement scheme is required to overcome limitations such as thermal drift and slow scan speed. Two types of 2-D gratings with nominal pitches of 300 and 1000 nm were measured using line scans to determine the pitch measurement in each direction. The expanded uncertainties (k = 2) of the measured pitch values were less than 0.2 and 0.4 nm for each specimen, and the measured orthogonality values were less than $0.09^{\circ}$ and $0.05^{\circ}$, respectively. The experimental results measured using the MAFM and optical diffractometer agreed closely within the expanded uncertainty of the MAFM. We also propose an additional scheme for measuring 2-D gratings to increase the accuracy of calculated peak positions, which will be the subject of future study.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to introduce the method of palate repair that combines minimal hard palate dissection and radical retropositiong of levator musculature, which was presented by Sommerlad. As this method presents, additional use of the operating microscope enables atraumatic and radical dissection, and it might provide more improved speech function to the patients. A total of 17 patients with cleft palate underwent Sommerlad's method from December 2003 to August 2004. The mean follow-up period was 4.5 months. The use of a microscope provided high quality variable magnification and good illumination at the operating field. Repair was carried out through incisions at the margins of cleft with mucoperiosteal flap elevation. Muscles were rearranged and repaired properly. It was unable to evaluate the improvement of speech because the patients were too young to learn meaningful speech. Average operating time including anesthetic induction time, V-tube insertion and recovery from anesthesia was 2 hours 45 minutes which was not quite different from conventional method's operating time. Oronasal fistula developed in 2 patients of them. One of them was healed spontaneously. As meticulous and radical muscle dissection was possible with Sommerlad's method, we could minimize the trauma to the muscular and neurovascluar structure. In addition, we expect better faculty of speech as a result of this method although longer follow-up time was unavailable.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1996

Since the publication of the first bone scintiscans in 1962 three decades have elapsed. The bone scan has made great strides during this period, becoming one of the most commonly used nuclear imaging tests. In spite of the progress, however, the specificity of bone scan has remained relatively low. As the result it is a common practice to seek additional information from radiograph, CT scan and MR image, which is euphemistically termed as "image fusion or co-location." The basic reason is the inapplicability of the classical piecemeal analysis to interpreting planar and SPECT bone scans. Such analysis has its base on the observation of elemental features of morphology, which include the size, shape, contour, location, topography and internal architecture. The physiochemical profile may well also be included. Understandably, however, the miniatured images of the planar bone scan cannot provide these features in acceptable detail and the same holds true even with SPECT Images which are but sliced views of the reconstructed planar scans. Fortunately pinhole scanning has the capacity to portray both the morphological and chemical profiles of bone and joint diseases in greater detail through true magnification. The magnitude of pinhole scan resolution is practically comparable to that of radiography as far as gross anatomy is concerned. Thus, we feel strongly that pinhole scanning is a potential breakthrough of the long-lamented low specificity of bone scan. This presentation will discuss the fun-damentals, advantages and disadvantages and the most recent advances of pinhole scanning. It high-lights the actual clinical applications of pinhole scanning in relation to the diagnosis of infective and inflammatory diseases of bone and joint.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

탈피에 따른 거미 과립혈구의 미세구조 변화를 고배율의 투과 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 산왕거미(Araneus ventricosus)의 과립혈구는 산호성 과립혈구(EGs)와 염기호성 과립혈구(BGs), 그리고 혈색소혈구 (cyanocytes) 등 세 종류가 구분되었다. EGs와 BGs는 공통적으로 전자밀도가 높은 구형 과립을 함유하고 있었지만, 과립의 크기와 미세구조의 차이에 따라 두 종류가 확연히 구분되었다. 과립의 크기가 작은 EGs는 탈피기간중 세포소기관의 다양한 형태적 변화가 나타나며, 왕성한 식작용을 통해 많은 식포를 형성하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 반면, 과립의 크기가 큰 BGs의 세포질에서는 식포가 관찰되지 않았으나, 탈피시기 동안 과립의 전자밀도가 낮아지는 특성이 관찰되었다. 가장 대형의 과립혈구인 혈색소세포의 세포질에는 많은 헤모시아닌 결정체가 동심원상으로 배열되어 있었으며, 탈피기간중 혈구의 일부는 불규칙한 구조로 변형되었다. 고배율의 투과전자현미경으로 헤모시아닌 결정체의 격자구조를 관찰한 결과, 미세소관(microtubule)과 매우 유사한 구조를 가지고 있었으며, 각각의 미세한 관상 구조는 다시 약 20여 가닥의 극히 미세한 필라멘트로 이루어져 있음이 확인되었다.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 1998

Objectives: We performed an immunohistochemical study to examine the place of neovascularization in the tumorigenic process of follicular thyroid carcinoma and to determine whether tumor angiogenic activity in follicular carcinoma plays a role in tumor aggression. Materials & Methods: We studied 63 follicular thyroid carcinomas and compared with 22 follicular adenomas. The areas of capsular invasion, vascular invasion and cellular atypism of the tumor were confimed on H & E stains. The paraffin embedded tissues were stained by the use of monoclonal antibodies against Ag CD34. Microvesseles were counted in the area of highest vascular density at 200 times magnification. The microvessel densities(MVD) were analized in relation to histologic type and location of the tumors. Results: There were 59 minimal invasive types and 4 widely invasive types of carcinoma. In the histologic specimens of carcinomas, capsular invasion was identified in all the cases, vascular invasion in 46 and cellular atypism in 24. Mean values of the MVDs of the minimal invasive carcinomas, the widely invasive carcinomas and the adenomas were $263.8{\pm}69.2,\;256.l{\pm}49.3\;and\;241.5{\pm}159.4$, respectively and there was no significant difference between each group. In follicular carcinomas, there was a regional difference of the MVDs. The areas of tumor showing cellular atypism and adjacent to or penetrating the capsule, in which represents the tumorigenic process of carcinoma, had a higher rate of vascularization, than other areas of the tumor(p<0.05). However, these features were not noted in the follicular adenomas. Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference of the MVD between follicular carcinomas and adenomas, there was a regional difference of the MVD within the carcinomas and the values were significantly higher in the more malignant areas, as indicated by cellular atypism and capsular invasion. Therefore, tumor angiogenic activity measured by MVD may play a role in tumor aggression in follicular thyroid carcinoma.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.3054-3059
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• 2009

블랙다이아몬드는 단결정형, 다결정형, 혼합형 등의 결정질을 가지고 산업용, 보석용으로 활용도가 높다. 3ct~30ct급의 짐바브웨에서 산출된 천연 블랙 다이아몬드 러프(roughs)를 이용하여 통상적인 감별법인 열전도, 밀도검사, 스크래치검사, 확대검사와 첨단 감정 방안인 라만스펙트럼과 XRD회절 및 Lang이미지 분석을 실시하였다. 통상적인 감별방안으로는 신속성과 경제성을 고려하면 SiC스크래치검사와 확대검사를 혼합하는 방안이 유리하였다. 첨단 감정 방안으로는 라만분석으로는 블랙다이아몬드의 감별이 용이하였으나, 블랙다이아몬드 러프는 단결정과 다결정의 경우가 많아서 XRD 회절 방법으로 원석의 결정성 판단이 어려울 수 있었다. 그러나 일단 확인된 회절조건에서는 손쉽게 결정립을 Lang이미지분석을 통하여 원석의 결정상태의 시각화가 가능하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.682-689
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of the Microseal$^{(R)}$, which was new obturation system made by Tycom company, U.S.A. Forty-five extracted single-rooted human teeth were resected at cemento-enamel junction and divided three groups. All canals were prepared using Profile system, and then each group was obturated by lateral condensation technique (group 1), vertical condensation technique (group 2) and Microseal$^{(R)}$ condensation technique (group 3) with root canal sealer. Teeth were immersed in resorcinol-formaldehyde resin for 5 days at $4^{\circ}C$ and the resin was allowed to polymerize completely for 4 days at room temperature. Teeth were resected horizontally at 1 mm (level I), 2 mm (level II), 3 mm (level III) from the anatomical root apex using low speed microtome and examined with Image analyzer (IBASR, Zeiss co., Germany.) at ${\times}25$ magnification. The gab between the canal wall and the filling material, which was filled with the resin, was measured at each of the three levels. Each ratio of leakage was expressed percentage by calculating the ratio of the area of the resin to the total area of the canal and was analyzed statistically (one-way ANOVA). The results were as follows; 1. The mean ratio of leakage (%) was 6.46% at group 1, 3.06% at group 2, 11.27% at group 3. 2. When evaluating the ratio of leakage at the three levels, there was level I> level II> level III in all groups. Especially, the difference between level I and level III was statistically significant (p<0.05). 3. When evaluating the ratio of leakage at the three groups, there was group 3> group 1> group 2 at all levels. Especially the difference between group 2 and group 3 was statistically significant (p<0.05).

• 치과방사선
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.261-274
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• 1999

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the optimal distance and angle of observers by modulation transfer functions(MTFs) and receiver operating characteristics(ROCs), Material and Methods: Digital periapical radiograms were taken from 43 patients who have dental diseases(19 patients : dental caries. 12 patients : periapical lesions, 12 patients : periodontal diseases). Segmental images(4×4cm) were evaluated by 4 MTFs and ROC analysis. Results: The optimal distance(magnification) using MTF by Mannos & Sakrison was 12.97. and those by Nill. Ngan and Rao were 8.39, 4.78. 5.84 respectively. The optimal distance obtained from 4 radiologists by ROC analysis was 32cm(Az value: 0.89). and it was 40cm(Az value: 0.78) from 4 non-radiologists. There were significant differences of Az values between 4 radiologists and 4 non-radiologists at 24. 32 and 40cm (P<0.05). No significant differences of optimal distances were observed using 4 MTFs among +20, +10, 0, -10, -20 degrees(P>0.05). The optimal angle obtained from 4 radiologists by ROC analysis was +20 degree(Az value: 0.91). and no significant differences of Az values were observed among +20, +10, 0, -10 and -20 degrees(P>0.05). The optimal angle obtained from 4 non-radiologists by ROC analysis was 0 degree(Az value : 0.81). and no significant differences of Az values were observed among +20, +10, 0, -10 and -20 degrees(P>0.05). And there was significant difference of Az value between 4 radiologists and 4 non-radiologists at +20 degree(P<0.05). but no significant differences of Az values were observed among +10, 0, -10 and -20 degrees(P>0.05).