• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2020

In this study, we have developed a drone magnetic exploration system (proto-type) using a fluxgate magnetic sensor. Hardware of the system consists of a fluxgate magnetometer, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a GPS, and a communication module. And we have developed monitoring software, which enables it to transmit the measured data to the ground control system (GCS) in real time. The measured magnetic data are finally saved as 1 Hz data after passing through a notch filter and a band-pass filter. For verification of this system, a preliminary test was conducted to check the magnetic responses of a magnetic object first, then the field test was carried out in two iron mines. We tested the developed system on the field test in Pocheon, Gyeonggi and Jeongseon, Gangwon. The magnetic data from the developed drone system was very similar to those from unmanned airship system developed by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). As a result, preliminary experiment and field test have demonstrated that this system is applicable for outdoor aeromagnetic exploration. It requires more studies to improve filter function and instrument performance to minimize noise in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2004

Cu$_{0.1}$Fe$_{0.9}$Cr$_2$S$_4$ has been studied with Mossbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and magnetoresistance (MR) measurement. The crystal structure was determined to be a cubic spinel with lattice parameter a$_{0}$=9.9880 $\AA$. The MR measurements show a semiconductor behavior below 110 K and metal behaved above 100 K. The temperature dependence of magnetization of Cu$_{0.1}$Fe$_{0.9}$Cr$_2$S$_4$ was reported. In addition to a large irreversibility between the zero-field-cooling (ZFC) and the field-cooling (FC) magnetization at applied field H=100 Oe, a cusp-like anomaly was observed in both the FC and ZFC curves. It shifted toward the lower temperature region with increasing magnetic field, and then showed convex type maximum at 110 K, under the applied field of 5 kOe. The Mossbauer spectra were measured from 15 K to room temperature. The asymmetric line broadening was observed for the sample Cu$_{0.1}$Fe$_{0.9}$Cr$_2$S$_4$, and it was considered to be dynamic Jahn-Teller relaxation. The charge state of Fe ions was ferrous in character. The unusual reduction of magnetic hyperfine field below 110 K was interpreted in terms of cancellation effect between the mutually opposite orbital current field (H$_{L}$) and Fermi contact field (H$_{C}$).

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.86-89
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• 2007

[ $FeCr_2Se_4$ ] prepared under the high pressure (3 GPa) has been studied with x-ray, neutron diffraction techniques, superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, resistance, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of resistance is explained by Mott-VRH and small polaron model for the regions I (T<20 K) and II (T>42 K), respectively. Neutron diffraction results show an antiferromagnetic spin-lattice coupling near the Neel temperature. So finally the distance of atom is enlarged in region (110$FeCr_2Se_4$ shows convex type of temperature dependence.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.183-187
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• 2007

Compounds of multiferroic materials $YMn_{2-x}Fe_xO_5$ (x = 0.00, 0.01) were prepared using the sol-gel method. The crystallographic, magnetic and electric properties are studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and physical property measurement system (PPMS). The crystalline structure of $YMn_2O_5$ was found to be orthorhombic (Pbam) at room temperature. The lattice constants of $YMn_2O_5$ were determined to be $a_0=7.275\;{\AA},\;b_0=8.487\;{\AA},\;c_0=5.674\;{\AA}$. The lattice constants not changed with Fe concentrations. Our data demonstrate the correlation of magnetic and electric properties in $YMn_2O_5$ materials.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.106-106
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• 2014

SIGMA (Scientific cubesat with Instrument for Global Magnetic field and rAdiation)는 근 지구공간에서 우주방사선량 측정과 자기장 변화 검출의 과학적 목적과 교육적 목적을 가지고 개발하고 있는 초소형 큐브위성이다. $100mm{\times}100mm{\times}340.5mm$의 크기로 약 3.6 kg의 무게를 가지며, 탑재체는 방사선에 대하여 인체와 동일한 산란 흡수 특성을 가진 Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC)와 자기장 측정을 위한 Magnetometer (Mag)이다. 위성체는 구조계, 자세제어계, 전력계, 명령 및 데이터처리계, 통신계로 구성되어있다. 구조계는 위성의 뼈대인 Chassis와 Mag deployer로 이루어져있고, 위성의 안정적인 자세유지를 목적으로 Attitude Control System (ACS) Board와 Torque Coil이 자세제어계로 구성된다. 전력의 생산과 공급 및 충전은 태양전지판과 Electrical Power System (EPS), 리튬 배터리로 구성된 전력계에서 이뤄지며, 명령 및 데이터처리계는 On Board Computer (OBC)와 Instrument Interface board (IIB)를 중심으로 서브시스템의 명령체계와 데이터처리를 다룬다. 통신계는 Uplink인 VHF 안테나와 Downlink인 UHF, S-band 안테나로 구성되며 지상과 명령을 송수신한다. SIGMA는 타임인터럽트 기능을 활용한 Flight Software (FSW)로 운용되며 임무에 따른 6가지 모드의 시나리오로 위성을 운용한다. 이에 SIGMA의 개발과 테스트 결과를 소개한다. 본 큐브위성 개발기술을 바탕으로 향후 천문관측용 위성에도 활용할 예정이다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.42 no.7 s.278
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• pp.475-482
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• 2005

Zn$_{l-x}$Co$_{x}$O (x = 0.05 - 0.20) films were grown on Coming 7059 glass by sol-gel process. A homogeneous and stable Zn$_{l-x}$Co$_{x}$O sol was prepared by dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH$_{3}$COO)$_{2}$$\cdot$2H$_{2}$O), cobalt acetate tetrahydrate ((CH$_{3}$)$_{2}$$\cdot$CHOH) and aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl$_{3}$ $\cdot$ 6H$_{2}$O) as solute in solution of isopropanol ((CH$_{3}$)$_{2}$$\cdot$CHOH) and monoethanolamine (MEA:H$_{2}$NCH$_{2}$CH$_{2}$OH). The films grown by spin coating method were postheated in air at 650°C for 1 h and annealed in the condition of vacuum (5 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ Torr) at 300$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and investigated the nature of c-axis preferred orientation and physical properties with different Co concentrations. Znl_xCOxO thin films with different Co concentrations were well oriented along the c-axis, but especially a highly c-axis oriented Zn$_{l-x}$Co$_{x}$O thin film was grown at 10 at$\%$ Co concentration. The transmittance spectra showed that Zn$_{l-x}$Co$_{x}$O thin films occur typical d-d transitions and sp-d exchange interaction became activated with increasing Co concentration. The electrical resistivity of the films at 10 at$\%$ Co had the lowest value due to the highest c-axis orientation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and alternating gradient magnetometer analyses indicated that no Co metal cluster was formed, and the ferromagnetic properties appeared, respectively. The characteristics of the electrical resistivity and room temperature ferromagnetism of Zn$_{l-x}$Co$_{x}$O thin films suggested the possibility for the application to dilute magnetic semiconductors.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.167-171
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• 2005

Detailed aspects of the charge disproportionation (CD) transition for a polycrystalline $La_{1/3}Sr_{2/3}FeO_{2.96}$ were studied with the X-ray diffraction, $M\ddot{o}ssbauer$ spectroscopy, and SQUID magnetometer. The crystal structure was found to be rhombohedral with a space group R/3c. The lattice parameters were $a_R=5.4874\;\AA,\;and\;a_R=60.07^{\circ}$, respectively. $M\ddot{o}ssbauer$ spectra were taken within a wide range of temperature from 4.2 K up to room temperature. In the low temperature region, the spectra were comprised of two superimposed sextets which originated from $Fe^{3+}\;and\;Fe^{5+}$, respectively. This was the antiferromagnetic mixed valence state produced by the charges disproportionated into two different species. In the high temperature region, however, only a singlet from $Fe^{3.6+}$ was observed, indicating that it was a paramagnetic averaged valence state. The CD transition occurred in the temperature range from 175 K to 200 K, in which the two phases coexisted. The origin for the CD transition was explained by the thermally generated fast hopping of electrons. Hysteresis loop showed that there existed a strong antiferromagnetic interaction among magnetic ions. As the temperature increased thru the CD transition temperature, it was very likely that the interaction between $Fe^{3+}\;and\;Fe^{5+}$ was replaced by a more stronger one.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2000

A nondestructive experimental feasibility study was conducted using magnetometer to find buried cultural objects at pottery and steel matters in low-relief mountaineous area of Doojeong-dong, Cheonan, Chungnam Province from May 23 to July 18, 1998. Magnetic survey was carried out with $20cm{\times}20cm$ grid in a site of $20m{\times}40m$ before excavation, and the distribution of magnetic anomalies was compared with the results of excavation. Magnetic sensor was located on the surface of ground during the magnetic survey on the basis of an experimental result. Positive magnetic anomalies of maximum 130 nT are found over a pair of potteries. Magnetic anomaly map reveals several anomalous points in the 1st and 4th quadrants of the survey site, from where potteries and their fragments were confirmed. Six points out of seven points cprrelated with magnetic anomaly are found contain earthwares, whereas a magnetically uncorrelated location produced earthware made of unbaked clay. Steel waste such as cans and wires hidden in soil and bushes also influenced magnetic anomalies. Therefore, it is better to remove such steel wastes prior to magnetic survey if possible. Some magnetically anomalous points produced no archaeological object on excavation. This may be explained by shallower level of excavation than burial depth.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.77-91
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• 1981

An airborne magnetometer survey was carried out over an offshore area of about $200,000km^2$ from the southeastern, southern and western part of Korea. Detailed magnetic studies on the geological structure of the southern part of above area ($100,000km^2$) was accomplished. Residual aeromagnetic map was made in order to delineate magnetic provinces, magnetic lineaments and sedimentary basins by application of least square method using computer system. To determine the depth of the sedimentary basins pseudo-gravimetric method was applied. 1. The area studied is divided into four magnetic provinces for the purpose of interpretation on the basis of the magnetic maps. 2. Near shore area and its attached islands of southern part (fiirst and second magnetic province) can be regarded as being the extension from the land geology due to presentation of strong magnetic anomalies and shallow magnetic basements. 3. Magnetic lineament 1-1 is strong magnetic anomalous region which is presumably relevant to volcanic activities in Cretaceous. The depth of magnetic basement of the lineament was determined to 1,500 m. Negative magnetic anomalous zones B1-1 and B1-2 which represent Tertiary basins showed depth of magnetic basement 3 km and 4 km each. The latter can be interpreted as extension of the Taiwan basin which is consisted of Tertiary sediments. 4. Magnetic lineament 2-1 coincide with Rainan-Fukien massif running NE-SW direction. A lineament located in central part of magnetic lineament 2-1 is well connected with extension of Sobacksan anticlinal axis on land. Volcanic rocks in Gyongsang system concentrated along this lineament. 5. The characteristics of magnetic pattern in the southern Yellow sea basin of western part of Jeju island show weaker magnetic anomalies and deeper magnetic basements than first and second magnetic provinces indicating geological structure of this basin seems to be quite different from that of Jeju strait. 6. In southern part of Jeju island, smoother magnetic pattern develope southward. Maximum depth of magnetic basement in sedimentary basins BIV-1 and BIV-2 were determined down to 6,000 m increasing its thickness toward Taiwan up to 11,000 m in the shelf area off Taichung, Taiwan. Judging from the fact that hydrocarbon was founded in the Tertiary sediments of western coastal area of Taiwan, it can be expected that hydrocarbon will be existed in these sedimentary basins of southern part of Jeju island.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 2020

An optical televiewer is a geophysical logging device that produces continuous high-resolution full-azimuth images of a borehole wall using a light-emitting-diode and a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor to provide valuable information on subsurface discontinuities. Recently, borehole imaging logging has been applied in many fields, including ground subsidence monitoring, rock mass integrity evaluation, stress-induced fracture detection, and glacial annual-layer measurements in polar regions. Widely used commercial borehole imaging logging systems typically have limitations depending on equipment specifications, meaning that it is necessary to clearly verify the scope of applications while maintaining appropriate quality control for various borehole conditions. However, it is difficult to directly check the accuracy, implementation, and reliability for outcomes, as images derived from an optical televiewer constitute in situ data. In this study, we designed and constructed a modular fractured borehole model having similar conditions to a borehole environment to report unprecedented results regarding reliable data acquisition and processing. We investigate sonde magnetometer accuracy, color realization, and fracture resolution, and suggest data processing methods to obtain accurate aperture measurements. The experiment involving the fractured borehole model should enhance not only measurement quality but also interpretations of high-resolution and reliable optical imaging logs.