• Computers and Concrete
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2018

This study reports the results of nondestructive monitoring of macro void developments in mortars manufactured with both ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resistant cement. Two types of curing were utilized; tap water curing and another curing environment that contains 5% $Na_2(SO_4)$ solution. Being the primary objective of this study, macro void developments of the mortar specimens were monitored by X-ray Medical Computerized Tomography. Compressive strength tests and water absorption tests were conducted on specimens that were kept in both curing environments for a duration of 560 days. Data analyses yielded consistent results among the three tests used in this experimental study. Macro void ratios of mortars decreased at the beginning of experiments for a certain period; afterwards, macro void ratios increased. The objective of this study was accomplished as anticipated since X-CT image analysis was able to nondestructively monitor macro void development process in cement mortars.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2008

보드의 기계적 성질에 영향을 미치는 공극에 대하여 공극을 두가지로 분류하고 밀도에 따른 오에스비의 내부 공극구조의 특성에 대하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 스트랜드보드의 내부공극을 X-ray 단층촬영기로 측정하고 이미지분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 밀도에 따른 공극의 분포와 공극의 함유량을 조사하였다. 측정 전에 보드의 밀도를 밀도측정기와 전건법으로 측정하였으며 이 두 방법에 의해 측정된 결과는 아주 높은 상관관계를 보여주었다. X-ray를 서로 다른 배율로 조사하여 획득한 이미지를 바탕으로 분석한 결과, 저해상도에서는 스트랜드간의 공극(macro-void)의 측정이 가능하나 스트랜드내의 미세공극(micro-void)은 이미지획득이 불가능하였다. 중해상도에서는 두가지 형태 모두의 이미지 획득이 가능하였고, 고해상도에서는 대부분의 미세공극 이미지의 획득이 가능하였다. 저배율을 채택하여 스트랜드간의 공극을 측정하고 스트랜드내의 미세공극은 관련식을 이용하여 추정하였다. 이를 통해 보드내부에 존재하는 스트랜드간의 공극분포를 파악할 수 있었으며 그 공극의 함유비율을 정확하게 산정할 수 있었다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제43권10호
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• pp.607-612
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• 2006

In VARTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) process, the permeability generally controls the filling time of the resin and it also affects the void characteristics of the fiber composite. In this study, carbon and glass fiber inter-layered hybrid composites (carbon fiber centered stack) with an epoxy matrix were fabricated by VARTM process and evaluated the resin flow and macro void characteristics. The permeability of glass fiber was higher than that of carbon fiber used in this study. Using Darcy's equation, the permeability of hybrid composites could be predicted and experimentally confirmed. After curing, the macro void content of hybrid composites was investigated using image analyzer. The calculated filling time was well agreed with experimental result and the void content was significantly changed in hybrid composites.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2012

In order to predict the internal void closing behavior in open die forging process, multiple scale modeling has been developed and applied. The huge size difference between ingot and inner void makes it almost impossible to simultaneously model the actual loading conditions and the void shape. Multiple scale modeling is designed to integrate macro- and micro- models effectively and efficiently. The void closing behavior was simulated at 39 different locations in a large ingot during upsetting and cogging. The correlation between the closing behavior and variables such as effective plastic strain and maximum compressive strain was studied in order to find an efficient measure for predicting the soundness of the forging.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

The effect of microstructure on the permeability of two saturated marine clays was studied through a series of falling head permeability tests and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. The key findings from this experimental study include the following results: (1) The permeability of undisturbed specimens is larger than that of reconstituted specimens at the same void ratio due to different soil fabrics, i.e., the pore size distributions (PSDs), even though they have the similar variation law in the permeability versus void ratio. (2) Different permeabilities of undisturbed and reconstituted specimens at the same void ratio are mainly caused by the difference in void ratio of macro-pores based on the MIP test results. (3) A high relevant relation between $C_k$ ($C_k$ is the permeability change index) and $e*_{10}$, can be found by normalizing the measured data both on undisturbed or reconstituted specimens. Hence, the reference void ratio $e*_{10}$, can be used as a reasonable parameter to identify the effect of soil fabric on the permeability of saturated soft clays.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.511-517
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• 2016

철도 차량에 쓰이는 기존 유입식 형태의 계기용 변압기는 장치 내부에 절연유가 충진 된 형태이므로, 차량 운행 중에 내부 압력이 상승할 수 있는 가능성이 있으며. 그에 따른 폭발위험성이 존재한다. 따라서 폭발 방지를 위해 몰드형 건식 계기용 변압기를 개발 중에 있다. 몰드형 건식 계기용 변압기 개발시 주의 하여야 할 점은 몰드를 구성하는 절연용 에폭시 수지를 주입할 때 권선 코일이 감겨진 코어 주변에 기공이 없어야 한다는 것이다. 이는 몰드 내부의 기공에서 스파크 등의 발생 위험이 있기 때문이다. 몰드 내의 기공 발생 요인으로는, 수지 내에 미세 기공(micro void)이 잔재되어 있는 경우와, 성형 중 함침 구조물의 형태에 따라서 대형 기공(macro void)이 발생할 수 있는 점 등이다. 현재 개발 중인 코어는 변압기 성능 향상을 위해 중공(cavity)이 존재하는 형태이며 점도가 높은 에폭시 주입시 중공 내부에 대형 기공이 갇힐 위험이 있다. 따라서 이번 연구에서는, 몰드 내부에 발생할 수 있는 대형 기공의 형성 과정을 이해하고, 기공 형성 요인을 제거할 수 있는 방안으로, 개선된 성형 조건 적용시 기공 형성 결과를 확인하기 위해, 몰드 충진 과정을 VOF기법을 적용한 자유 표면 유동의 수치해석을 통하여 확인하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 2019

Recent research on the behavior of silty sand tends to advocate the use of equivalent skeleton void ratio to characterize the density state of this type of soil. This paper presents an investigation to explore the physical meaning of the equivalent skeleton void ratio by means of DEM simulations for assemblies of coarse and fine particles under biaxial shear. The simulations reveal that the distribution pattern of fine particles in the soil skeleton plays a crucial role in the overall macroscopic response: The contractive response observed at the macro scale is mainly caused by the movement of fine particles out of the force chains whereas the dilative response is mainly associated with the migration of fine particles into the force chains. In an assembly of coarse and fine particles, neither all of the fine particles nor all of the coarse ones participate in the force chains to carry the external loads, and therefore a more reasonable definition for equivalent skeleton void ratio is put forward in which a new parameter d is introduced to take into account the fraction of coarse particles absent from the force chains.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

무질서하고 불균질한 형상을 갖는 지반 재료 내 간극 구조는 하중에 의한 재료의 변형 및 간극 내 유체의 흐름 등 물리 역학적 거동에 중요한 영향 인자이다. 최근 들어 X-ray CT에 의한 비파괴 검사를 통해 지반 재료의 내부 구조를 마이크로미터 단위의 높은 해상도를 통해 평가하는 기법이 사용되고 있다. CT 이미지는 재료의 많은 정보를 포함하고 있음에도 그에 따른 이미지 해석 기법의 개발이 다소 미흡하여 2, 3차원 이미지의 정성적 관찰 및 간극비와 같은 거시적인 물성치 획득만이 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 연속적으로 획득된 글라스 비드의 2차원 CT 이미지에 기반하여 3차원 입자 및 간극 구조를 형성하고, 복잡한 간극구조를 간극셀과 간극채널로 정량적 분리를 실시하였다. 이를 위해 좌표 변환법, 이진화, 들로네 삼각망, 그리고 유클리디안 거리변환법과 같은 이미지 프로세싱 기법을 3차원 CT 이미지에 적용하였고 불균질한 글라스 비드의 간극구조에 대해 정량적으로 간극셀의 분포 및 간극간의 연결도 평가가 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.829-834
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• 2005

A series of reinforced G109 type specimens was fabricated and pended with a 15 weight percent NaCl solution. Mix design variables included 1) two cement alkalinities (equivalent alkalinities of 0.32 and 1.08), 2) w/c 0.50 and 3) two rebar surface conditions (as-received and wire-brushed). Potential and macro-cell current between top and bottom bars were monitored to determine corrosion initiation time. Once corrosion was initiated, the specimen was ultimately autopsied to perform visual inspection, and the procedure included determination of the number and size of air voids along the top half of the upper steel surface. This size determination was based upon a diameter measurement assuming the air voids to be half spheres or ellipse. The followings were reached based upon the visual inspection of G109 specimens that were autopsied to date. First, voids at the steel-concrete interface facilitated passive film breakdown and onset of localized corrosion. Based upon this, the initiation mechanism probably involved a concentration cell with contiguous concrete coated and bare steel serving as cathodes and anodes, respectively. Second, the corrosion tended to initiate at relatively large voids. Third, specimens with wire-brushed steel had a lower number of voids at the interface for both cement alkalinities, suggesting that air voids preferentially formed on the rough as-received surface compared to the smooth wire brushed one.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2004

Conventional method for electrode force application in resistance spot welding(RSW) processes is to use pneumatic cylinder. However, due to its inherent problems in pneumatic power system such as compressibility of air and poor transient response characteristics, new electrode force system with servo control are recently introduced in RSW machine. This machine is called “servogun”. The purpose of this study is to evaluate performance of servogun in case of spot welding of aluminum alloy. Aluminum alloy(A5052) sheets are spot welded using pneumatic gun and servogun. Both results are compared by means of macro cross-section etching test and tensile shear strength test. Numerous previous research have reported nugget with many voids and cracks are not uncommon defects in spot welds with aluminum alloy. The experimental results show similar defects in case of pneumatic gun. In contrast, use of servogun considerably reduced generation of voids and cracks. In case of step-wise increased forging force at the end of welding cycle with servogun, crack-free and void-free nuggets have been observed. The performance of servogun has been also verified by series of tensile shear test. Higher strength values have been achieved with servogun in comparison to that of pneumatic gun.