• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.289-295
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• 2014

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets is a powerful tool for evaluating cellular immunity and monitoring immune-mediated diseases. The numbers and proportions of blood lymphocyte subsets are influenced by factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and lifestyle. This study aimed to establish reference ranges for peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in a healthy Korean population. Blood samples from 294 healthy adults were collected. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using a single-platform method with a flow cytometer; white blood cells and lymphocytes were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. The mean value of the white blood cell count was $5,665cells/{\mu}l$, and the mean values of the subtype counts (percentages) were as follows: lymphocytes, $1,928cells/{\mu}l$ (35.08%); $CD3^+$ cells, $1,305cells/{\mu}l$ (67.53%); $CD3^+CD4^+$ cells, $787cells/{\mu}l$ (40.55%); $CD3^+CD8^+$ cells, $479cells/{\mu}l$ (25.23%); $CD3^-CD19^+$ cells, $203cells/{\mu}l$ (10.43%); and $CD3^-CD56^+$ cells, $300cells/{\mu}l$ (15.63%). Additionally, the $CD4^+/CD8^+$ ratio was 1.81. In this study, gender and age significantly influenced blood lymphocyte subsets. Our results demonstrate that, as with other populations, a healthy Korean population has its own, region-specific, lymphocyte subset reference ranges.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.95-104
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the degree of menopausal symptom and granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio, and heart rate varibility(HRV). Methods: From 11th April 2011 to 20th May 2011, a total 30 female subjects (age 41-60) was recruited. We evaluated the degree of menopausal symptoms by Kupperman' s index and measured subject's WBC differential count and HRV. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation test using SPSS/PC ver 13.0 program. Results: 1. There was no statistically significant difference in granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio and HRV among 4 classified groups according to Kupperman's index.- Mild, Moderate, Severe and Urgent. 2. Granulocyte ratio and general symptom score(within Kupperman's index) significantly showed negative correlation coefficient(r=-0.499, p=0.005), and Lymphocyte ratio and general symptom score significantly showed positive correlation coefficient (r=0.374, p=0.042). 3. Granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio and HRV showed no significant correlation. Conclusions: There was no significant relation among the degree of menopausal symptoms and granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio, and HRV. But furthermore large scale study is required.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2021

Background: We aimed to determine whether routine second trimester complete blood cell (CBC) count parameters, including neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), could predict obstetric outcomes. Methods: We included singleton pregnancies for which the 50-g oral glucose tolerance test and CBC were routinely performed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation in our outpatient clinic from January 2015 to December 2017. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their pregnancy outcomes as follows: group 1, spontaneous preterm births, including preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes; group 2, indicated preterm birth due to maternal, fetal, or placental causes (hypertensive disorder, fetal growth restriction, or placental abruption); and group 3, term deliveries, regardless of the indication of delivery. We compared the CBC parameters using a bivariate correlation test. Results: The study included 356 pregnancies. Twenty-eight subjects were in group 1, 20 in group 2, and 308 in group 3. There were no significant differences between the three groups in neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts. Although there was no significant difference in NLR, LMR, and PLR between the three groups, LMR showed a negative correlation with gestational age at delivery (r =-0.126, p =0.016). Conclusion: We found that a higher LMR in the second trimester was associated with decreased gestational age at delivery. CBC parameters in the second trimester of pregnancy could be used to predict adverse obstetric outcomes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1689-1692
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• 2014

Background: An easy, reproducible and simple marker is needed to estimate phase of endometrial pathologic lesions such as hyperplasia and endometrial cancer and distinguish from pathologically normal results. We here aimed to clarify associations among neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), endometrial hyperplasia and cancer in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Materials and Methods: Patients (n=161) who were admitted with abnormal uterine bleeding and the presence of endometrial cells on cervical cytology or thick endometrium were investigated. The study constituted of three groups according to pathologic diagnosis. Group 1 included endometrial precancerous lesions like hyperplasia (n=63), group 2 included endometrial cancerous lesions (n=38) and group 3 was a pathologically normal group (n=60). Blood samples were obtained just before the curettage procedure and the NLR was defined as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count; similarly, PLR was defined as the absolute platelet count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count. Results: The white blood cell count was significantly higher in patients with cancer than in those with hyperplasia (p=0.005). The platelet count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in patients with cancer than in control patients, but there was significantly no difference between patients with hyperplasia and other groups (p=0.001 and p=0.025 respectively). PLR was significantly lower in control subjects than in other groups (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between patients with hyperplasia and those with cancer. Conclusions: PLR was significantly lower in control subjects than in other groups. Thus both hyperplasia and cancer may be differentiated from pathologically normal patients by using PLR. White blood cell count was significantly higher in patients with cancer than in those with hyperplasia and pathologically normal patients. Therefore white blood cell count may be used for discriminate hyperplasia to cancer. By using multiple inflammation parameters, discrimination may be possible among endometrial cancer, endometrial precancerous lesions and pathologically normal patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.366-377
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• 2011

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a multigene family of phase II detoxifying enzymes that metabolize a wide range of exogenous and endogenous electrophilic compounds. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms may account for inter-individual variability in coping with oxidative stress. We investigated the relationships between the level of lymphocyte DNA and antioxidative parameters and the effect on GST genotypes. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were characterized in 301 young healthy Korean adults and compared with oxidative stress parameters such as the level of lymphocyte DNA, plasma antioxidant vitamins, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in smokers and non smokers. GST genotype, degree of DNA damage in lymphocytes, erythrocyte activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and plasma concentrations of total radical-trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), vitamin C, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin were analyzed. Lymphocyte DNA damage assessed by the comet assay was higher in smokers than that in non-smokers, but the levels of plasma vitamin C, ${\beta}$-carotene, TRAP, erythrocyte catalase, and GSH-Px were lower than those of non-smokers (p < 0.05). Lymphocyte DNA damage was higher in subjects with the GSTM1- or GSTT1-present genotype than those with the GSTM1-present or GSTT1- genotype. No difference in erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, plasma TRAP, or vitamin levels was observed in subjects with the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes, except ${\beta}$-carotene. Significant negative correlations were observed between lymphocyte DNA damage and plasma levels of TRAP and erythrocyte activities of catalase and GSH-Px after adjusting for smoking pack-years. Negative correlations were observed between plasma vitamin C and lymphocyte DNA damage only in individuals with the GSTM1-present or GSTT1- genotype. The interesting finding was the significant positive correlations between lymphocyte DNA damage and plasma levels of ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. In conclusion, the GSTM1- and GSTT1-present genotypes as well as smoking aggravated antioxidant status through lymphocyte DNA damage. This finding confirms that GST polymorphisms could be important determinants of antioxidant status in young smoking and non-smoking adults. Consequently, the protective effect of supplemental antioxidants on DNA damage in individuals carrying the GSTM1- or GSTT1-present genotypes might show significantly higher values than expected.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1987

We determined the maternal peripheral lymphocyte response to mitogen during the period of implantation and evaluated the effects of hormones, which are known to be involved in the process of implantation, on the lymphocyte activity in rabbits. As compared with peripheral lymphocyte activity in non-pregnant rabbits, lymphocyte activity was significantly depressed on days 6, 7 and 9 of pregnancy. Although concentrations of serum progesterone were gradually increased during the implantation period, progesterone did not inhibit lymphocyte activity at physiological concentration. Serum $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ was significantly increased on day 7 while PGE was slightly increased. $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ did not modify lymphocyte activity even with greater concentrations than physiological level. However, lymphocyte activity was significantly inhibited by PGE even with physiological doses. The treatment of indomethacin at doses of 0.1 or $1.0\;{\mu}g/ml$ tended to enhance lymphocyte response, which was depressed on day 8 of pregnancy, 28% or 23% respectively. Although in non-pregnant rabbit, enhancement of lymphocyte response was also shown after the treatment of indomethacin, this enhancement was much less than that in pregnant rabbits. These results strongly suggest that maternal immune response was depressed during the process of implantation and PGE might be one of factors for immunomodulation during this period.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.317-340
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• 1993

This study was designed 1) to compare the distributions of periapical inflammatory cells and 2) to identify lymphocytes and compare the lymphocyte distribution with T lymphocyte subpopulation and then 3) to examine the distribution of cycling cell in human dental periapical lesions. From each of the twenty-five human dental periapical lesions observed one small portion was fixed, embeded in paraffin, sectioned serially and stained with HE. The periapical inflammatory cells were counted to obtain the relative concentration of lymphocyte, plasma cell, macrophage and neutrophil. The large part of each lesion was analysed using Flow cytometer and monoclonal antibodies to obtain the relative concentration of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, T'helper cell and T suppressor/cytotoxic cell. In addition to that, seven human dental periapical lesions were examined with DNA analysis to observe the distribution of cycling cell. Following results were obtained: 1. 24 cases of the 32 periapical lesions examined were diagnosed as periapical granuloma and the remaining 8 cases as periapical cyst. Lymphocytes comprised 42.1% of total inflammatory cells in periapical granuloma and 41.8% in periapical cyst. Corresponding percentages for macrophages were 33.8% and 30.3%; for plasma cells, 15.9% and 19.0%; for neutrophils, 8.2% and 8.8%. 2. All of the periapical lesions examined had T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, T helper cell, T suppressor/cytotoxic cell. And in all cases, T lymphocytes were observed predominantly more than B lymphocytes. 3. In 2 cases of the control group only T lymphocytes were found, and in the remaining 2 cases T lymphocytes were observed predominantly. 4. T helper cells were observed predominantly more than T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in all cases of perapical granulomas. 5. T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were observed predominantly more than T helper cells in 4 cases of periapical cysts (total 5 cases were examined) and only in one case T helper cells were more than T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. 6. In control group, T helper cells were predominant in 2 cases and T helper cells were equivalent to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells in one case. In remaining one case T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were predominant. 7. As the result of DNA analysis, the average proliferating indices of the various groups examined were measured as follows: in the control group 5.45%, in periapical granuloma 6.64%, in periapical cyst 10.1%. The highest index was observed in periapical cyst.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.357-374
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of Sakunjatang(四君子湯) and Samultang(四物湯) aqua-acupuncture on immune response, Sprague-Dawley male rats were used and randomly divided into four group. Normal group was normal control, Control group was injected i.v. with 2mg/kg MTX on 9th and 11th day after sensitization with SRBC on 5th day, Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group(Sample A) was aqua-acupunctured daily for 18 days into the locus corresponding Bisu(B20) locus of the human body to Rat and MTX was administered 9th and 11th experimental day, Samultang aqua-acupunctured group(Sample B) was aqua-acupunctured daily for 18 days into the locus coresponding Bisu(B20) locus of the human body to Rat and MTX was administered 9th and 11th experimental day. In the 9th day and the 11th day after aqua-acupuncture, MTX was injected to reduce immune function in the tail of rat. leukocyte count, lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte count of spleen, lymphocyte count of bonemarrow, contact hypersensitivity to DNFB, morphologic change of thymus cell, and electropherogram of serum protein. The result were summarized as follows: 1. Before MTX injection, leukocyte count had no significant difference in Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group and after MTX injection, leukocyte count had no significant difference Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group. 2. Before MTX injection, lymphocyte ratio was decreased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group. 3. After MTX injection, lymphocyte ratio was increased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group, Samultang aqua-acupunctured group had no significant difference compared to control group. 4. The lymphocyte count of spleen was increased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group. 5. The lymphocyte count of bonemarrow was increased significantly Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group, Samultang aqua-acupunctured group had no significant difference compared to control group. 6. Contact hypersensitivity was no significant difference in Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group compared to control group. 7. In the morphologic change of thymus cell, control group compared to normal group had a indistinct boundary between cortex and medulla, and lymphocyte cell density of thymus was low, Sakunjatang aqua-acupuryctured group had a distinct boundary between cortex and medulla, and lymphocyte cell density of thymus was high. 8. In the SDS-PAGE electrophorogram of serum protein, Sakunjatang aqua-acupunctured group and Samultang aqua-acupunctured group had a wide band of nearby 50,000 and 25,000 Dalton which meant IgG generate more activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1066-1076
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• 2012

Previous observations demonstrated that various immunosuppressive agents and their combination therapies can increase allograft survival rates. However, these treatments may have serious side effects and cannot substantially improve or prolong graft survival in acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To improve the therapeutic potency of divalent immunoadhesins, we have constructed and produced several tetravalent forms of immunoadhesins comprising each of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4), CD2, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3). Flow cytometric and T cell proliferation analyses displayed that tetravalent immunoadhesins have a higher binding affinity and more potent efficacy than divalent immunoadhesins. Although all tetravalent immunoadhesins possess better efficacies, tetravalent forms of CTLA4-Ig and LAG3-Ig revealed higher inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation than tetravalent forms of TNFR2-Ig and CD2-Ig. In vitro mixed lymphocytes reaction (MLR) showed that combined treatment with tetravalent CTLA4-Ig and tetravalent LAG3-Ig was highly effective for inhibiting T cell proliferation in both human and murine allogeneic stimulation. In addition, both single tetravalent-form and combination treatments can prevent the lethality of murine acute GVHD. The results of this study demonstrated that co-blockade of the major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)II:T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28:B7 pathways by using tetravalent human LAG3-Ig and CTLA4-Ig synergistically prevented murine acute GVHD.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2011

In general, the blood cell culture is a common method for animal chromosome preparation. However, every animal and its cells have unique physiological characteristics and functions. Hence, it is very difficult to find the suitable method of chromosome preparation using animal lymphocyte culture. This study was carried out to fine the suitable method of chromosome preparation using lymphocytes cultures in mammalians and aves including cattle, rat, mouse and chicken. To seek the optimal method of lymphocyte culture in each animal, $2^3$ factorial experiment was designed. The design evaluated three main effects in culture duration, kinds of mitogen supplements and colcemid exposure time with two levels within each effect. The mitotic index and the score of chromosome morphology were analyzed. In results, the suitable methods of lymphocyte culture for chromosome preparation were 72 hours culture, pokeweed mitogen(PWM) supplement and 90 minutes of colcemid exposure in cattle, 72 hours culture, PWM supplement and 50 minutes of colcemid exposure in chicken, 96 hours culture, concanavalin A supplement and 90 minutes of colcemid exposure in rat, and 72 hours culture, PWM supplement and 50 minutes of colcemid exposure in mouse, respectively. In conclusion, kinds of mitogen, culture duration and colcemid exposure time significantly affected the mitotic index and chromosome morphology, in animal lymphocyte culture. The interaction effects between/among treatment factors were also statistically significant.