• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.381-387
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• 1991

Deer hemal nodes were studied by gross anatomy and light microscopy. Hemal nodes were scattered in the periphery of thoracic and abdominal aortae, and spherical or avoid in shape. A hemal node consisted of a thin capsule and a hilum, and had numerous small subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few lymphatic nodules and tissues were seen in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla was defined. Blood vessels occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in nodes. The parenchyma of the hemal node consisted of many erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and a few granulocytes, plasma cells megakaryocytes and macrophages. The stroma was composed of reticular cells and fibers. The capsule and trabecula was a collagenous connective tissue with smooth myofibers. The above findings suggest that the hemal nodes are involved in blood storage, blood filtration and immune reaction.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.328-336
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• 2020

Purpose: The standard treatment for stage IB gastric cancer is curative surgery alone, but some patients show poor survival with disease recurrence after curative surgery. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors of recurrence and long-term survival in patients with stage IB gastric cancer after surgery. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from 253 patients with stage IB gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy between 2011 and 2016 at Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital and analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics associated with recurrence and survival. Results: Fourteen patients experienced recurrence with a mean follow-up of 54.1 months. Two of these patients had locoregional recurrence and 12 patients had systemic recurrence. The median interval between the operation day and the day of recurrence was 11 months (range 4-56 months). Multivariate analysis revealed that lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) (hazard ratio [HR], 3.851; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.264-11.732) and the elderly (age≥65) (HR, 3.850; 95% CI, 1.157-12.809) were independent risk factors for recurrence after surgery. The LVI (HR, 3.630; 95% CI, 1.105-11.923) was the independent prognostic factors for disease-specific survival (DSS). The 5-year DSS rates were 96.8% in patients who did not have LVI, and 89.3% in patients who had LVI. Conclusions: This study shows that LVI was associated with recurrence and poor survival in patients with stage IB gastric cancer after curative gastrectomy. Patients diagnosed with LVI require careful attention for systemic recurrence during the follow-up period.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.865-877
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs which share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are normally present in Korean native goats. Hemal nodes bad extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes, and no typical cortex and medulla were observed. Blood vessels commonly occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in the hemal node. Hemolymph nodes had distinct cortex and medulla, and also had afferent and efferent lymph vessels. The aim of the present study was to obtain new information on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and have the basic data for their functions. Goats are divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10, and 12 months. The morphological studies of the organs were carried out by gross anatomy, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. During aging, there was an increase in the size of the organs, while there were no significant changes of their numbers, locations and colors. As the goat got older, the lymphatic nodules of hemal nodes were more developed, and the number of macrophage containing phagocytosed erythrocytes was more increased. As the goat was younger, the lymphatic tissues of hemolymph nodes were less developed. There was no difference in distribution of T- and B- lymphocytes according to ages.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3149-3152
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• 2012

Objective: The prognostic significance of perineural invasion (PNI) in gastric cancer has been previously investigated but not clearly clarified. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of PNI as prognostic factor in patients undergoing curative surgical resection and without distant metastasis in comparison with other clinicopathological factors. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, 287 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma underwent radical gastrectomy recorded in hospital based registries. PNI was assessed as positive when cancer cells were seen in the perinerium or neural fascicles intramurally. Categorical and continuous variables were summarized using descriptive statistics and compared using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. Cancer related survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: PNI was positive in 211 of 287 cancers (73%), with a positive relation to lymph node metastases and advanced stage (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, respectively), mural invasion, and lymphatic and blood vessel invasion (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, respectively). The median survival of the PNI positive patients was significantly shorter than that of their PNI negative counterparts (24.1 versus 38.2 months, p=0.008). In the multivariate analysis, we detected PNI was an independent prognostic factor (p=0.025, HR=1.21, 95% CL 1.08-2.3) along with classical clinicopathological variables such as lymph node involvement (p=0.001), pT stage (p=0.03), and LVI (p=0.017), but not age, gender, tumour localization, stage, histologic type, and surgery procedure. Conclusions: PNI positivity in gastric cancers was related mural invasion, lymph node involvement, advanced stage and lymphatic and venous blood vessels. The presence of PNI appeared as an independent prognostic factor on survival on multivariate analysis, not influenced by tumor stage, lymph node metastases and other classical factors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2024

This review discusses the pivotal role of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, vital processes influencing vascular permeability, endothelial cell recruitment, and the maintenance of tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vessels. VEGF exerts its effects through tyrosine-kinase receptors, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. This VEGF-VEGFR system is central not only to cancer but also to diseases arising from abnormal blood vessel and lymphatic vessel formation. In the context of cancer, VEGF and its receptors are essential for the development of tumor-associated vessels, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Various approaches, such as anti-VEGF antibodies, receptor antagonists, and VEGF receptor function inhibitors, are being explored to interfere with tumor growth. However, the clinical efficacy of anti-angiogenic agents remains uncertain and necessitates further refinement. The article also highlights the physiological role of VEGFs, emphasizing their involvement in endothelial cell functions, survival, and vascular permeability. The identification of five distinct VEGFs in humans (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and PLGF) is discussed, along with the classification of VEGFRs as typical receptor tyrosine kinases with distinct signaling systems. The family includes VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, crucial in tumor biology and angiogenesis, and VEGFR-3, specifically involved in lymphangiogenesis. Overall, this review has provided a comprehensive overview of VEGF and VEGFR, detailing their roles in various diseases, including cancer. This is expected to further facilitate the utilization of VEGF and VEGFR as therapeutic targets.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3747-3752
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• 2014

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is the most common carcinoma of the biliary system. Among its research models, orthotopic xenograft models, important research tools, have been rarely reported in the literature however. Aim: To explore establishment of an orthotopic xenograft model and to evaluate the advantage and disadvantage as compared with other models. Materials and Methods: Subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic xenograft models of gallbladder carcinoma in nude mice were established and compared with human gallbladder carcinomas. Results: For the orthotopic xenograft model and clinical gallbladder carcinomas, the lymph node metastatic rates were 69.2% and 53.3% (p>0.05); ascites generation rates, 38.5% and 11.7%(p<0.05); liver invasive rates, 100% and 61.7%(p<0.05); and lymphatic vessel densities (LVD), $10.4{\pm}3.02$ and $8.77{\pm}2.92$ (p>0.05), respectively. In the subcutaneous xenograft model, no evidence of ascites generation, lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis were found, and its LVD was lower ($4.56{\pm}1.53$, p<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with the subcutaneous xenograft model, the orthotopic xenograft model better simulates clinical gallbladder carcinoma in terms of metastasis and invasion, which may be attributed to the difference in microenvironment and LVD.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 2011

Objectives : The Primo system is a hypothesis on the new circulation system. It orginates from Bonghan theory. Bonghan theory is about the anatomical substance of acupuncture point and meridian system. It has been regarded as a misunderstanding of the lymphatic system or as a made-up story for the past 40 years. Since 2002, many studies have been published either to support the theory or to refute the old viewpoint. But there are still difficulties about the proper sampling. The purpose of this study is to find out the discriminative criteria of Organ Surface Primo sytem by reviewing the Kim Bonghan's publications. Methods : Abstract of description about the Organ Surface Primo system in 5 publications of Kim Bonghan are weighted by the reverse order of publication. Results and Conclusions : 6 characters of anatomical structure and 11 characters of histological structure are founded as repeated descriptions. We hope that this summarized characteristics would be a good guide to Primo system experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.597-602
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• 2020

The study was conducted to improve the efficiency of the test and to reduce the exposure dose of patients and operators by analyzing the difference in the moving speed of Lipiodol according to the temperature during lymphography. The device for injecting Lipiodol at a constant pressure was self-made, and after inserting Lipiodol into the Connecting Tube, the moving speed of the contrast agent was photographed at temperatures of 26℃, 36℃, and 46℃ using a heat transfer device. Lipiodol movement time from the Support Catheter to 20cm was measured and analyzed, and statistical significance was confirmed. In the 46℃ environment, the average moving time was 11 seconds, at 36℃ the average was 13 seconds, and at 26℃ the average was 17 seconds. Lipiodol showed a significant difference in moving time with increasing temperature (p<.001), and it was confirmed that the higher the temperature, the faster the moving speed. In the case of lymphangiography, when heated to a certain temperature (46 degrees) rather than injecting Lipiodol at room temperature, the injection speed can be increased and the speed of movement in the lymphatic vessel can be improved.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.81-84
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• 1988

Since the entity of postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma was first reported by Stewart and Treves in 1948, postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma has become a well recognized, uncommon malignant tumor which occurs in the upper extremity following mastectomy for mammary carcinoma. The postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma occurred at an average age of 63.9 years and at an average of 10 years and 3 months following mastectomy. The lymphangiosarcoma raised from blood and lymphatic vessel. The histologic appearance has been observed edematous dermiss and dilated lymphatics lining with malignant cells. Most authors recommend radical amputation for treatment, either shoulder disarticulation or forequarter amputation. Other modalities of treatment including radiotherapy were considered as ineffetive. The present report provides a case of the regression of postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma with chronic lymphedema by external irradiation. Radiation therapy was used as primary therapy. Total tumor dose of 6500 cGy in 9 wks was delivered using 6 MV x-ray and 8 MeV electron.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.855-864
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs that share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. The aim of the present study was to obtain new informations on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and to get the basic data for their functions in Korean native goats. Goats were divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10 and 12 months, respectively. Ultrastructural features of the organs were observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The sinuses of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were lined by endothelial-like reticular cells which had euchromatin-rich nuclei and many cytoplasmic processes, surrounding collagen fibrils. Macrophages containing phagocytosed erythrocytes were often noted in the diffuse lymphatic tissues of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes. Some mast cells were in contact with the plasma cells near the blood vessel. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes had venous sinusal-like vessels which were different from the deep sinus. The lymph vessels with valves were observed in the capsule of the hemolymph node. There were no ultrastructural differences of the organs in the age different groups of the animals. These results suggest that hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes may take part in hemopoiesis, blood filtration and immune reaction in Korean native goats.