• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.633-644
• /
• 1999

Gully pot is a part of urban darainage system to butter the runoff water fluxes from road to rivers and to minimize environmental pollution by prevending over the surrounding area. A series of studies have been carried out concerning the physicochemical characteristics of the sewage sludge sediments sttling down in such a gully pot in order to over to evaluate the contamination for heavy metals such as pb, Zn, Cu and Cd. The roadside soil and sewage sludge samples from gully pots were characterized by XRD analyses and sequential extraction : Zn 2595.7$\mu$g/g; Cd9.8$\mu$/g; Cu602.5$\mu$g/g; Pb260.0$\mu$g/g),because of a long-term accumulation of vehicle- and industrial-related pollutants. Mean Zn concentration in Yeouido (3873$\mu$g/g) and Junggu(3262$\mu$g/g)areas are 4-5 times higher than those in Dobonggu area, suggesting that Zn may be derived from automobile traffic (including the rubber of automobile tires). The mean concentrations of Cu and Cr are very significantly high in Junggu and Gurogu areas, possibly due to the industrial activities in these areas. The low Pb levels throughtotut the whole study areas in Seoul can be accounted for the use of unleaded gasoline since 1987. Sequential extraction experiments illustrate that a major part of Zn is bound to FII and FIII, representing about 88% of the total Zn concentration. Fraction IV, related to orgnic matter, is mostly significant for Cu accounting for 60% of the total Cu, and FII is next in importance. The main carriers of Pb are the fractions III, II and FIV, and in that order. The behavior of Cd is quite different from other elements (Zn, Cu, Pb), and most of the Cd is associated with FV. Changes in the physicochemical environments (such as acidification) may result in severe environmental pollution of surface water and rivers with respect to heavy metals (especially Zn and Cu).

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.81-87
• /
• 2006

This study was made for male and female university students regarding the nutrition knowledge about fat, fat contents in food, and practice toward fat. The result is as follows;1.Out of 13 questions inquiring the knowledge about fat a significant difference was observed between female and male students in 10 questions. Male students' nutrition knowledge about fat was $6.33{\pm}0.16$, and that of female students' was $6.33{\pm}0.16$ and there was no significant difference. The ratio of correct answer was 49% and 59% respectively. Female students marked high ratio of correct answer such items as ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid, the relation between high fat diet and atherosclerosis(coronary disease), the relation between obesity and fat, the relation between ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid and heart disease, cholesterol, fatty acid in butter, degree of unsaturation in liquid oil, margarine, chicken fat, rancity of fat. 2.Male students' total score of knowledge about fat quantity in food was $4.91{\pm}0.10$ and that of female students was $5.58{\pm}0.10$. There was significant difference(p<0.001) and the ratio of correct answer was 55% and 62% respectively. Out of 9 food items, significant difference was observed in 7 items according to student's majoring subject. The ratio of correct answer for the questions about the quantity of fat in food female showed high figures in such items as white meat(p<0.01), whole milk(p<0.0001), skim milk(p<0.01), potato chips(p<0.001), biscuit(p<0.001). However, male students showed high figures on the question about the quantity of fat in vegetable margarine. 3. Out of 12 items observing the degree of diet practice on fat, significant difference was observed between male and female students in 6 items. Female students practice the question items positively with high ratio: intake of fish instead of meat(p<0.01), removing visible fat in meat(p<0.0001), removing chicken skin(p<0.0001), removing oil during cooking (p<0.05), selection of low fat milk or skim milk(p<0.05), selection of meat part(p<0.001). There was significant difference between male and female students in practicing diet on fat (p<0.001) and the total score was $31.52{\pm}0.52$ and $34.65{\pm}0.41$ respectively.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제15권5
• /
• pp.516-523
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to investigate dietary behaviors and consumption of health food in cancer patients. The subjects were 163 cancer patients recruited from the general hospital in Seoul, Korea. The data were obtained by the structured self administered questionnaire. The mean age of subjects was 51 years. Most of subjects didn't eat the visual fat of meat and chicken skin. The mealtime of the subjects was generally regular and most of subjects had breakfast. The subjects of this survey liked to eat foods with sweet taste but disliked to eat hot, salty and sour taste ones. The preference for fish, marine products and vegetables was high but that for instant foods and frying foods was very low. Most of subjects consumed the foods that is generally known as anticancer foods such as vegetables and fruits. On the other hand, most of subjects didn't intake butter, margarine, and frying foods that is known as risk factors of cancer. The majority of subjects$(84.7\%)$ consumed the health food The main reasons for taking health foods by subjects were to cure disease$(58.0\%)$, to prevent disease$(45.3\%)$, to supply nutrients$(39.3\%)$, to maintain the mental state$(12.7\%)$ and to recover fatigue$(10.7\%)$. Majority of subjects$(66.0\%)$ spent money more than 200,000 won/month to buy health foods. The purchasing channels of health foods by subjects were recommendation by family or friend$(64.0\%)$, by physician/pharmacist$(18.0\%)$ and by nutritionist or dietician(6.0), and advertisement through TV or radio$(12.0\%)$. The types of taking health foods of the subjects were vegetable extracted food$(60.0\%)$, mushrooms$(51.3\%)$, Lactobacillus food$(25.3\%)$, enzyme food$(22.6\%)$ calcium containing food$(20.0\%)$ and so on. The results of the current study show that although many cancer patients already practice healthy dietary behaviors, there is a substantial proportion who do not and most of cancer patients consume health foods.' Further intervention is needed to explore the effect of health foods in cancer patients

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제57권4호
• /
• pp.307-312
• /
• 2014

초콜릿에는 항산화 물질인 플라보노이드를 다량 함유하고 있어 심혈관질환을 예방하는 효과를 가지고 있으나 열량이 높고 설탕함량이 높은 초콜릿이 많아 비만이나 당뇨병 환자들에게 초콜릿을 제한할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 설탕을 타가토스나 자일로스로 대체하고 커피박을 첨가한 쉘 초콜릿 filling을 제조하여 쉘 초콜릿 filling의 물리적 특성과 대체 감미료가 혈당에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 쉘 초콜릿 filling 내의 설탕 과다 섭취로 인한 문제점을 해결하고자 하였다. 실험 결과로는 초콜릿 filling의 수분 함량은 대조군인 설탕군에 비해 타카토스+커피박 군에서 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 퍼짐성도 수분 함량과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 초콜릿 filling의 색도는 타카토스를 함유한 군이 다른 군들에 비해 유의적인 차이를 보였는데 명도는 설탕군과 자일로스군보다 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었고, 적색도인 a값과 황색도인 b값은 설탕군에 비해 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였다. 당도는 모든 군에서 약 34-35%를 나타내었나, 당도는 커피박첨가에 관계없이 설탕군이 자일로스나 타가토스군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 관능검사에서 타가토스군이 향, 단맛, 이물질감, 전체적인 기호도 4가지 검사 항목에서 높은 점수를 받았다. 전체적인 기호도는 자일로즈군, 타가토스군의 순으로 높은 점수를 받았다. 마지막으로 젊은 여성을 대상으로 60 g의 쉘초콜렛을 섭취한 후 0, 1, 2시간에 혈당변화를 조사하였을 때 타가토스군과 타가토스+커피박군에서 혈당 증가 폭이 가장 낮게 나왔다. 본 연구 결과 타가토스를 감미료로 사용한 쉘 초콜릿 filling이 수분함량, 퍼짐성, 전체적 기호도 및 혈당변화에서 가장 좋은 값을 나타내었음을 알 수 있었다. 타가토스는 섭취하였을 때 열량과 당지수가 낮으므로, 대체 감미료로 타가토스를 사용해 쉘 초콜릿 filling을 제조하여 쉘 초콜릿으로 제품화 한다면, 비만이나 당뇨병 환자들에게 혈당의 큰 상승 없이 쉘 초콜릿을 섭취할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국유가공기술과학회 2002년도 제54회 춘계심포지움 - 우유와 국민건강
• /
• pp.59-60
• /
• 2002

Edible films such as wax coatings, sugar and chocolate covers, and sausage casings, have been used in food applications for years$^{(1)}$ However, interest in edible films and biodegradable polymers has been renewed due to concerns about the environment, a need to reduce the quantity of disposable packaging, and demand by the consumer for higher quality food products. Edible films can function as secondary packaging materials to enhance food quality and reduce the amount of traditional packaging needed. For example, edible films can serve to enhance food quality by acting as moisture and gas barriers, thus, providing protection to a food product after the primary packaging is opened. Edible films are not meant to replace synthetic packaging materials; instead, they provide the potential as food packagings where traditional synthetic or biodegradable plastics cannot function. For instance, edible films can be used as convenient soluble pouches containing single-servings for products such as instant noodles and soup/seasoning combination. In the food industry, they can be used as ingredient delivery systems for delivering pre-measured ingredients during processing. Edible films also can provide the food processors with a variety of new opportunities for product development and processing. Depends on materials of edible films, they also can be sources of nutritional supplements. Especially, whey proteins have excellent amino acid balance while some edible films resources lack adequate amount of certain amino acids, for example, soy protein is low in methionine and wheat flour is low in lysine$^{(2)}$. Whey proteins have a surplus of the essential amino acid lysine, threonine, methionine and isoleucine. Thus, the idea of using whey protein-based films to individually pack cereal products, which often deficient in these amino acids, become very attractive$^{(3)}$. Whey is a by-product of cheese manufacturing and much of annual production is not utilized$^{(4)}$. Development of edible films from whey protein is one of the ways to recover whey from dairy industry waste. Whey proteins as raw materials of film production can be obtained at inexpensive cost. I hypothesize that it is possible to make whey protein-based edible films with improved moisture barrier properties without significantly altering other properties by producing whey protein/lipid emulsion films and these films will be suitable far food applications. The fellowing are the specific otjectives of this research: 1. Develop whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films and determine their microstructures, barrier (moisture and oxygen) and mechanical (tensile strength and elongation) properties. 2. Study the nature of interactions involved in the formation and stability of the films. 3. Investigate thermal properties, heat sealability, and sealing properties of the films. 4. Demonstrate suitability of their application in foods as packaging materials. Methodologies were developed to produce edible films from whey protein isolate (WPI) and concentrate (WPC), and film-forming procedure was optimized. Lipids, butter fat (BF) and candelilla wax (CW), were added into film-forming solutions to produce whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films. Significant reduction in water vapor and oxygen permeabilities of the films could be achieved upon addition of BF and CW. Mechanical properties were also influenced by the lipid type. Microstructures of the films accounted for the differences in their barrier and mechanical properties. Studies with bond-dissociating agents indicated that disulfide and hydrogen bonds, cooperatively, were the primary forces involved in the formation and stability of whey protein/lipid emulsion films. Contribution of hydrophobic interactions was secondary. Thermal properties of the films were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and the results were used to optimize heat-sealing conditions for the films. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to study the nature of the interfacial interaction of sealed films. All films were heat sealable and showed good seal strengths while the plasticizer type influenced optimum heat-sealing temperatures of the films, 130$^{\circ}$C for sorbitol-plasticized WPI films and 110$^{\circ}$C for glycerol-plasticized WPI films. ESCA spectra showed that the main interactions responsible for the heat-sealed joint of whey protein-based edible films were hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds involving C-0-H and N-C components. Finally, solubility in water, moisture contents, moisture sorption isotherms and sensory attributes (using a trained sensory panel) of the films were determined. Solubility was influenced primarily by the plasticizer in the films, and the higher the plasticizer content, the greater was the solubility of the films in water. Moisture contents of the films showed a strong relationship with moisture sorption isotherm properties of the films. Lower moisture content of the films resulted in lower equilibrium moisture contents at all aw levels. Sensory evaluation of the films revealed that no distinctive odor existed in WPI films. All films tested showed slight sweetness and adhesiveness. Films with lipids were scored as being opaque while films without lipids were scored to be clear. Whey protein/lipid emulsion edible films may be suitable for packaging of powder mix and should be suitable for packaging of non-hygroscopic foods$^{(5,6,7,8,)}$.