• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.269-274
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• 1982

These studies were conducted to evaluate the bulk pasteurization system in comparison with the conventional mushroom growing technique of and to establish the phase II fermentation method for the system. The results obtained were as follows. 1. From the mushroom compost peak-heated in the bulk pasteurization system higher mushroom yield was obtained than that of the conventional method. 2. The compost fermented in the bulk pasteurization system showed poor mycelial growth and low crop. It was caused by the imperfect blower and its operation, not by ununiform moisture content of the compost and ununiform filling. 3. A bulk pasteurization system which modified the mushroom house was not proper for the fermentation of the mushroom compost and the sporophore yields were lower than the standard pasteurization system. 4. In the bulk pasteurization system, peak-heating time, phase II period and quality of the compost were influenced by the air temperature but its effects were not more significant than those of the conventional method. 5. During phase II in the bulk pasteurization system moisture content of the compost at filling did not affect the fermentation of the compost.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to establish effective conditions for controlling $CH_4$, $N_2O$ emission from organic Waste / wastewater treatment processes. Continuous and batch experiments were conducted to treat the micro algae from polluted and eutrophicated lakes through the thermophilic oxic process. The microalgae used were mainly Microcystis sp.(collected from eutrophic lake) and Chlorella sp. (cultured in laboratory) Wasted cooking oil was added by aid-heating source. Physico-chemical components of sludges and microalgae were analyzed. In batch experiments, air supply was changed from 50ml/min to 150ml/min. The temperature. water content and drained water were affected by the air flow rate at initial stage. However, there was almost no influence of air flow rate on them in middle and last stages. At air flow rate of 100ml/min, the degradation rate of organic material was higher than that at other air flow rates. $CO_2$ concentration in exhaust was proportional to the strength of aeration, especially at initial stage when degradation was active. $CH_4$ with low concentration was detected only at starting stage when air diffusion was not enough. $N_2O$ production was not affected by variation of air supply. In continuous experiments no matter what the dewatering methods (with PAC and without PAC) and media (wood chip and reed chip) were changed, $N_2O$ was almost not affected by variation of injected air. Result showed that the reed chips using for lake purification could be used as media for thermophilic oxic process in lake and marshes area. $CO_2$ concentration was not so much affected by the change of dewatering methods and media types. $CH_4$ was not detected in the experimental period. So it can be shown that the thermophilic oxic process had been well operated in wide handling conditions regardless of media and dewatering methods.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.179-196
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• 2009

The Gaetaesajiseokbulibsang (Treasure No. 219) consists of light gray and coarse to medium-grained granodiorite with feldspar phenocrysts in part. Magnetic susceptibility of the rock material was measured as 12.06(${\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit), being different from the granite($0.19{\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit) in the Mt. Cheonho. This indicates the raw material has been supplied from the outside. As a result of deterioration assessment, exfoliation of the Right Buddha, cement and dust of the Main Buddha were estimated as 35.2%, 21.1% and 25.0%. The ultrasonic velocity was measured as 2850.2m/s(Main Buddha), 2648.4m/s(Left Buddha) and 2644.5m/s(Right Buddha). The compressive strength calculated from the velocity showed low in the Right Buddha among three and the all pedestal parts which corresponds to the result of deterioration assessment. The indoor mean temperature and relative humidity of the shelter were $13.7^{\circ}C$ and 79.0%. It is evaluated that the indoor microclimate was stable and the shelter functioned to reduce climatic fluctuation of the outdoor. However, water condensation was occurred on the surface of the pedestal part during spring and summer, and freezing in winter season might also be done. These factors were probable to be a main cause of the surface exfoliation of the Triad Buddha Statues. Therefore, dehumidification and heating system in the shelter should be applied to prevent further deterioration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1358-1363
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• 2019

In this study, the effect on the free amino acid content and anti-oxidative activity of Arctium lappa samples by heat treatment were compared to obtain data on the conditions required for properly processing the root as a raw material for tea. The results of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity assays showed that 180℃-4 min and 200℃-3 min treatments retained relatively high activity. All heat treatment conditions showed increased polyphenol content compared to the initial sample value of 42.72 mg/l, and the 180℃-4 min and 200-3 min treatments were higher than the others at 60.09 mg/l and 62.74 mg/l, respectively. In the free amino acid analysis of the A. lappa root tea, the tendency of the initial content was confirmed to decrease as temperature and time increased. Changes in phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, and isoleucine were found to be high, while aspartic acid and proline changes were relatively low. Overall, amino acid content decreased significantly under heating conditions above 180℃-3 min and 200℃-2 min. From these results, heat treatment of A. lappa root at 180℃-4 min was deemed optimal based on anti-oxidative activity and free amino acid content.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 1998

Glucosidic bond at the $C_{20}$ position of the sapogenins was hydrolyzed easily in the lower pH, higher temperature and longer time to give prosapogenins and sugars. The glucosidic bond of saponin at the $C_3\;of\; ginsenoside-Rb_1\;$, which is secondary carbon, was relatively stable due to the low electron density of -0.2. But the bond of saponin at the $C_{20}$ position, which is tertiary carbon with the relatively high electron density of -0.3, was liable to be hydrolyzed even in weak acidic solution by the increase of heating time. On the other hand, fresh and white ginseng contained 4.12 mg/g, 13.05 mg/g of citric acid, 0.68 mg/g, 2.18 mg/g of malonic acid, 1.13 mg/g, 3.68 mg/g of oxalic acid, 2.68 mg/g, 8.62 mg/g of malic acid and 0.13 mg/g, 0.46 mg/g of succinic acid, respectively. Ginseng saponins were very stable in ginseng extract neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate corresponding to the equivalent amount of the total organic acid in the ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.4 s.118
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• pp.489-497
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• 2006

The feasibility of the Natural and Ecological Wastewater treatment System (NEWS) was examined for rural wastewater treatment in Korea. The intermittent trickling biofilter with high hydrophilic filter media was used for pretreatment for suspended solids and organic pollutants. The subsequent constructed wetland with porous granule materials was used for promoting nutrient removal. The results show that the removal efficiencies of the system were high with respect to the water quality parameters except COD. Even if the effluent from the biofilter did not meet the guidelines for wastewater treatment plant effluent in Korea in terms of $BOD_5$ and TN, the final effluent of the system meets the guidelines us to good performance of the constructed wetland. The regression analysis between pollutant loading rate and removal rate indicated that the system could have stable removal for SS, $BOD_5$, TN, and TP in the given influent ranges. The analysis in the winter period indicated that the wetland covered with transparent polycarbonate glass had the statble performance during the winter period dus to increase of temperature inside the wetland without any heating system. With the stable performance, effective poilutant removal, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, the NEWS could be considered as an alternative treatment system for decentralized regions and rural communities in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.520-528
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• 1987

Quality stability of roasted lavers during heat treatment and storage was investigated measuring the changes in pigments including chlorophyll a, carotenoids and biliproteins, fatty acids and free amino acids as the major quality factors. In roasting of fried lavers, carotenoids were found to lie more stable than chlorophyll a, and biliproteins were most heat labile. The overall heat stability of the pigments depended upon heating time and temperature. Chlorophyll a and carotenoids were retained more than $90\%$ in the casts of roasting for 90 min. at $60^{\circ}C;\;60min.\;at\;80^{\circ}C;\;10\;min.\;at\;100^{\circ}C;\;or\;5min.\;at\;150^{\circ}C$ while biliproteins remained about $70\%$. The lipids of dried lavers including polyunsaturated fatty acids appeared rather heat stable when compared to the stability of pigments under the same conditions of roasting. Spray of sesame oil or seasoning solutions on the surface of lavers after roasting seemed desirable for stabilizing pigments and free amino acids during storage particularly at low water activity. And that was also benefit for the protection of polyenoic fatty acids from rapid progress of oxidation during storage. Free amino acids were reduced fast during roasting, especially most of threonine and glycine while glutamic acid was rapidly lost during the storage.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2000

The heat transportation from a complex of industry to a rural area needs more efficient method because the distance between them is usually more than 10km. Conventional heat transportation using steam or hot water via pipe line has limits in transportation distance (about 3~5 km) because of the heat loss and frictional loss in the pipe line. Metal hydride can absorb or discharge hydrogen through exothermic or endothermic reaction. After releasing hydrogen from metal hydride by means of the waste heat from industry, we can transport this hydrogen to urban area via pipe line. In urban areas, other metal alloy reacts with this hydrogen to form metal hydride and produces heat for heating. Cool heat is also obtained if it is possible to use metal hydride with low reaction temperature. Therefore, metal hydride can be used as a media for transportation and storage of heat. $MmNi_{4.5}Al_{0.5}Zr_{0.003}$, $LaNi_5$, $Zr_{0.9}Ti_{0.1}Cr_{0.6}Fe_{1.4}$, $MmNi_{4.7}Al_{0.1}Fe_{0.1}V_{0.1}$ alloys were selected for this purpose and the properties of those metal hydrides were discussed. The design and control techniques were proposed and discussed for this heat transportation system using metal hydride.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.330-339
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• 2009

The material properties of Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were evaluated according to heat treatment conditions. The special focus was made on the color control of cedar wood by heat treatment. The difference of color between sapwood and heartwood could be reduced by heat treatment at a temperature above $170^{\circ}C$. Long heating time was more effective in reducing the difference. The Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) of heat-treated wood was as low as 50 percent. The result obviously indicates that heat-treated wood is more dimensionally stable in the change of moisture condition than the control. The heat-treated wood was also effective in increasing the durability against wood rotting fungi. However, more study is required to develop heat treatment as an environmentally-friendly technology for wood preservation without chemical. The mechanical properties of heat-treated wood showed relatively higher performance than the control in general. Meanwhile the dramatic decrease in impact bending stress due to the loss of ductility may limit uses of heat-treated wood in certain cases. There were no significant changes in microscopic structure which may cause changes in mechanical properties. Further study on the chemical analysis of heat-treated wood is needed to scrutinize the causes of changes of material properties.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2015

Many applications of nanoparticles have been developed since 1970s. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect can be generated at the surface of nanoparticles by illumination. SPR is the resonant oscillation of conduction electrons at the surface material stimulated by incident light. The collisions between excited electrons and metal atoms can cause the production of thermal energy (photothermal effect). Here, we presented the development of thermo-cosmetics using photothermal effect of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were chosen for it's low toxicity. We also and investigated the cell biocompatibility and heating effectiveness for photothermal effect of GNPs. Synthesized GNPs were verified by UV-vis spectrophotometer, where GNP has a characteristic absorbance spectrum. Concentration of GNP was measured by atomic absorption analyzer. The cytotoxicity was confirmed by MTT assay and double staining assay. Photothermal effect of GNP was demonstrated by the thermal increasing properties depending on GNP concentration, which was taken by an IR-thermal camera with a xenon lamp as the light source. If the thermal effect of GNP is applied for thermo-cosmetics, it can supply heat to skin by converting solar energy into thermal energy. Thus, cosmetics containing GNPs can provide benefits to people in the cold region or winter season for maintaining skin temperature, which lead to a positive effect on skin health.