• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2009

Onto the world-fastest ageing of society, the world-lowest fertility rate prompted a development of various policies and programs for a betterment of the population in Korea. Since the vulnerability of young children of low socio-economic class to malnutrition was clearly shown at the in-depth analysis of the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, an effort to devise supplemental nutrition care program for pregnant/breastfeeding women, infants and preschool children was initiated. The program was designed to offer nutrition education tailored to fit the needs of the participants and special supplementary foods, using USDA WIC program as a benchmark. Based on the dietary intake of those age groups, target nutrients were selected and their major food sources were searched through nutrient content of foods and dietary pattern analysis. As a result, we developed 6 kinds of food packages using combinations of 11 different food items. The amount of each item in a food package was determined to supplement the intake deficit in target nutrients. Nutrition education in $NutriPlus^+$ aims to improve the nutrition knowledge, attitude, and dietary behaviors of the participants, and is provided through group lessons, individual counseling sessions and home visits. Breastfeeding is promoted with top priority in education for the health of both mother and baby. The eligibility guidelines were set for residency, household income, age, pregnancy/breastfeeding and nutritional risk such as anemia, stunting, underweight, and/or inadequate nutrient intake. Income eligibility was defined as household income less than 200 percent of the Korean poverty guidelines. A pilot study to examine the feasibility of program implementation was run in 3 public health centers in 2005 and expanded to 15 and 20 in the following 2 years. The result of 3-year pilot study will be reported separately along with the ultimate nationwide implementation of the $NutriPlus^+$ in 2008.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status and nutritional condition of children living in a low-income community through anthropometric, laboratory evaluation. Methods : A community-based survey identified children below 15 years living in a low-income community. Their weight, height, visual acuity, hearing level and dental status were measured. Blood sample were obtained on June and July, 2004. Hemoglobin, serum cholesterol, Hepatitis B antigen/antibody, AST and ALT were measured. Results : A total of 285 students(M : F=141 : 144) aged 6 to 14 years were included in this study. The heights and weights in some grades were smaller than controls. The prevalence of obesity was 10.6 percent in males and 10.7 percent in females. The prevalence of abnormal visual acuity, hearing impairments and dental carries were 20.5 percent, 0.3 percent and 69.4 percent. The prevalence of anemia was 10.1 percent. Serum total cholesterol was over 200 mg/dL in 7 percent. They complained of abdominal pain(22.1 percent) and headache(17.1 percent). Hyperthyroidism, cataract, neurofibromatosis, severe atopic dermatitis, ventricular septal defect, strabismus and inguinal hernia were newly diagnosed. Conclusion : Mean heights and weights of children in the low-income community were smaller than controls. The prevalence of abnormal visual acuity, hearing impairment and dental carries were higher than in the 2003 national health survey. Additional research is needed to evaluate the health status of the low-income community.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1991

The purposes of this study are: 1) To find out overall family life issues percieved by the middle-classhousewives in their forties. 2) To examine detailed aspects related to middle years crises, leisure activities, children issues, family economy issues, and housing issues. 3) To clarify solutions to, and provide basic data on family issues raised by the middle-class families. The middle-class housewives in their forties living in the Seoul area were the subject of the survey. The sample size analysed in this study was 422. Data were analysed by the frequency, mean, percentile, standard deviation, X2-test, analysis of variance, multiple classification analysis, analysis of multiple regression, and Scheffe-test as a post-hoc analysis. The conclusions are as follows: First, the middle-class housewives tend to give more importance on children issues, especially on academic achievement and career development. Second, family cohesion of middle-class families is comparatively high and intra-familial conflict is low, and middle years crisis of housewives is comparatively low, too. Third, the stability of middle-class families can be found in household economic management patterns. one fourth of the families own stocks and two fifths of the families own real estate except their own dwelling house. Be based on their property income add to their labor income, middle-class families are showed their economic stability, however, intra-class inequality is found, too. Fourth, the great part of middle-class families that possess their own house, tend to be unsatisfied with their housig scale, and a half of the families expect to enlarge their housing scale for more comfortable and convient living.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.270-281
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to understand low-income elders' experiences of community-based u-Health services. Methods: Qualitative data were collected from 11 participants. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Three themes and eight sub-themes emerged as a result of analysis. The three main themes were 'recovered confidence and health condition,' 'trial and error in change,' and 'hope.'The eight sub-themes were 'the burden and efforts to overcome it in using bio-signal device,' 'ambivalence due to changing lifestyle,' 'increase of care time, decrease of pressure', 'conflict under environmental constraints,' 'difficulty in prioritizing health management,' 'discouragement in handling new devices,' 'desire not to be a burden to their children-gradual fulfillment of learning needs,' and 'long for broadening coverage range of services.' Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that low-income elders among the participants have different needs in using u-Health services. Therefore, health professionals need to give personalized education to deal with their conflicts and requirements, especially emotional and environmental support in order for them to successfully accept the u-Health services for self-care.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was to analyze the demand for emergency ambulance service and to characterize the factors associated with the demand. Method : The basis for the model was from the actual demand for public emergency ambulance and socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. Multiple regression analyses were done for the related characteristics of public ambulance service. Result : The model explained total demand with a high degree of accuracy : the coefficient of determination($R^2=0.96$). For the regression, the set of variables indicative of low socioeconomic status were all significant. It showed the inappropriate use of public ambulance system. Public ambulance demand increased in higher housing density, low income, male unemployment and female labor force. Conclusion : The demand for public ambulances appeared to be highly predictable, using a simple linear model employing socioeconomic variables, quality of service variables, and land use variables. Low-income families tended, to use the public ambulance system more often than higher income. Area having elderly people or children also made many calls. Estimated demand calls were stable and had a tendency to be similar incident types.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of 5th grade school children with iron depletion or iron depleted anemia with simultaneously assessing their general nutritional status. The anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and biochemical status of iron were measured for 261 school children from 5th grade residing in low income area of Pucheon. The mean height and weight of male were 138.7cm and 33.6kg respectively and were significantly lower than those of female. Mean fat percent, triceps skinfolds thickness and arm circumference were 21.4$\%$, 13.7mm and 22.2cm for female and were significantly higher than 19.1$\%$, 11.4mm, 21.4cm of male respectively. The intake on vitamin A and calcium were 46.4$\%$ and 47.7$\%$ of RDA for male and 36.6$\%$ and 44.9$\%$ for male respectively. The energy intake, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid of male were significantly higher than those of female respectively. The mean daily intake of iron were 7.5mg for male and 7.3mg for female and were not significantly different. The mean biochemical indices of iron nutritional status were not significantly different between male and female expect free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP) and FEP : hemoglobin ratio. The proportion of male assessed by serum iron(<70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗), Hb($\%$), FEP(<70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗RBC) were 25.4$\%$, 8.4$\%$. 0.8$\%$, 1.8$\%$ respectively and 23.2$\%$, 8.4$\%$, 3.4$\%$, 1.0$\%$ for female respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.213-223
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• 2023

Purpose: Pediatric patients in low-income countries are at a high risk of malnutrition. Numerous screening tools have been developed to detect the risk of malnutrition, including the Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA), Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS), Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics (STAMP), and Screening Tool for Risk of Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids). However, anthropometry remains the main tool for assessing malnutrition. We aimed to identify the value of four nutritional screening tools versus anthropometry for evaluating the nutritional status of children. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,000 children aged 1-12 years who visited the outpatient clinic of Cairo University Pediatric Hospital. Each participant was evaluated using anthropometric measurements (weight, length/height, and weight for length/height) as well as the PYMS, STAMP, STRONGkids, and SGNA screening tools. The sensitivities and specificities of these four tools were assessed using anthropometry as the gold standard. Results: Of the patients, 1.7% were underweight, 10.2% were wasted, and 35% were stunted. STRONGkids demonstrated the highest sensitivity (79.4%) and a high specificity (80.2%) for detecting malnutrition compared with weight for height, followed by STAMP, which demonstrated lower sensitivity (73.5%) but higher specificity (81.4%). PYMS demonstrated the lowest sensitivity (66.7%) and the highest specificity (93.5%), whereas SAGA demonstrated higher sensitivity (77.5%) and lower specificity (85.4%) than PYMS. Conclusion: The use of nutritional screening tools to evaluate the nutritional status of children is valuable and recommended as a simple and rapid method for identifying the risk of malnutrition in pediatric patients.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preference trend of children in the child-care centers in relation to certain environmental factors such as size of the residing town. This evaluation was conducted using questionnaire survey where the mother of each child was required to complete a preference questionnaire including 83 food items. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS package program. The results of this survey showed the followings : 1. Generally, the preference level of the children living in large cities were higher than of medium cities except in case of vegetables, while the preference level of the children living in large cities were higher than those of rural area except in case of hard-boiling(jorim) and vegetables. The subjects showed high preferences to bulgogi(4.53), pork-cutlet(4.52), fried chicken(4.51), jajangmyone(4.45), kimgui(4.43), roasted fish(4.31), roasted ham(4.13). 2. There was a tendency that a la carte, bread and noodles received higher preference scores. Items of Korean style soup attained higher preference scores than stew(ggigae). The preference scores of fired, broiled or pan-fried items(jun) were higher than those of other items such as seasoned vegetables(namool). 3. The preference scores of children (routinely or occasionally) skipping breakfast or supper were generally low. There was no significant difference according to the existence of mother's job except in case of steamed or pan-fried items, provided that the preference scores of the size of the monthly income of the household except stew, provide that the preference scores of the children whose household had lower income were slightly higher in general.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

This study investigated the effect of nutritional improvement of 1-5 year children participated in NutriPlus program. The program was carried out at Public health Center, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon from March 2009 to April 2011. The subjects were selected among applicants for low-income family financing of the government and included 90 children and their parents. they were divided into 2 groups (less than 6 months and more than 6 months of participation in the study). We analyzed the effects of NutriPlus program and nutrition education in both study groups. The results of this study were summarized as follows: The number of children with less than 10th percentile in height and weight and weight for height was decreased. The anemia prevalence rate was reduced from 64.4% to 8.9%. NAR value of subjects increased for energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C. The education program improved knowledge and attitude of the parents. In nutrition knowledge according to the income level, there were greater changes in the group of less than 100% compared to the subsistence. In nutrition attitude according to the education level, there were greater changes in the group of middle school graduates than in high school graduates or college graduates. There were no difference between less than 6 months group and more than 6 months group in improvement of hemoglobin level, anthropometric data and nutrients intakes. Based on these results, we conclude that providing supplementary food to children and nutrition education brought positive effects on growth of the children.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-163
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• 2016

This study reviews and analyzes the current status and conditions of child-rearing issues related to single-parent families and pinpoints related problems. It undertakes for single-parent families with children in elementary and middle schools to determine limitations that prevent single-parent families from obtaining in existing policies and legislation. The study introduces policy guidelines to ensure childcare for single-parent families. The results are follows. First, the basic policies supporting single-parent families should be broadened to include not only low-income, single-parent families but also higher-income, single-parent families, which would allow all such families to be given first priority at childcare centers. Second, to resolve discrimination and prejudice toward single-parent families, articles about education and single-parent families should be included in the Single-Parent Support Act. Third, substantial and customized support policies tailored to the growth-stages of children are needed. Fourth, programs to improve the relationship between children and single parents should be developed and promoted. Finally, various family types, such as single-father or multi-cultural single-parent families, must be considered.