• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1992

This study examined the microscopic changes following irradiation of infrared low dose laser on injured sciatic nerves of rats. In these days, many clinicians use the low dose laser therapy in pain clinicians use the low dose laser therapy in pain clinic on various fields and dieases. But the basic mechanism and indications were not known completely. Low-dose IR(infrared) laser irradiation applied to a crushed injured sciatic nerve of rats in the right leg in bilaterally inflicted crush injury. The results were as follows 1) There are a little histological differences between laser treated group and nontreated group. 2) Low power IR-laser irradiation, when applied to the injured sciatic nerve, increased vascularization and relatively well conserved tissue organization. 3) There are little histological difference in distal muscle biopsy, but atrophic muscle fibers were seen partially. 4) We found out that more hypertrophic epineurium was present in laser-treated group.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2014

Purpose: Low dose of PET/CT is important because of Patient's X-ray exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low-dose PET/ CT image through the CTAC and QAC of patient study and phantom study. Materials and Methods: We used the discovery 710 PET/CT (GE). We used the NEMA IEC body phantom for evaluating the PET data corrected by ultra-low dose CT attenuation correction method and NU2-94 phantom for uniformity. After injection of 70.78 MBq and 22.2 MBq of 18 F-FDG were done to each of phantom, PET/CT scans were obtained. PET data were reconstructed by using of CTAC of which dose was for the diagnosis CT and Q. AC of which was only for attenuation correction. Quantitative analysis was performed by use of horizontal profile and vertical profile. Reference data which were corrected by CTAC were compared to PET data which was corrected by the ultra-low dose. The relative error was assessed. Patients with over weighted and normal weight also underwent a PET/CT scans according to low dose protocol and standard dose protocol. Relative error and signal to noise ratio of SUV were analyzed. Results: In the results of phantom test, phantom PET data were corrected by CTAC and Q.AC and they were compared each other. The relative error of Q.AC profile was been calculated, and it was shown in graph. In patient studies, PET data for overweight patient and normal weight patient were reconstructed by CTAC and Q.AC under routine dose and ultra-low dose. When routine dose was used, the relative error was small. When high dose was used, the result of overweight patient was effectively corrected by Q.AC. Conclusion: In phantom study, CTAC method with 80 kVp and 10 mA was resulted in bead hardening artifact. PET data corrected by ultra- low dose CTAC was not quantified, but those by the same dose were quantified properly. In patients' cases, PET data of over weighted patient could be quantified by Q.AC method. Its relative difference was not significant. Q.AC method was proper attenuation correction method when ultra-low dose was used. As a result, it is expected that Q.AC is a good method in order to reduce patient's exposure dose.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2023

Purpose The concentration of PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) after radical prostatectomy in prostate cancer patients is a predictor of biochemical recurrence, and the AUA (American Urological Association) is defined as biochemical recurrence when the concentration of PSA is measured at 0.2 ng/mL or more, and when the concentration is measured at 0.2 ng/mL or more at the retest. This standard is also applied our hospital. In this laboratory, the PSA reagent using IRMA (Immunoradiometric Assay) is used, and the sensitivity at a very low value was not as good as the reagent used in the department of laboratory medicine. This study aims to increase the reliability of the results by improving the precision and sensitivity of very low values. Materials and Methods As a reagent for the study, PSA reagent using IRMA was used. As a method to improve the precision and sensitivity of very low values, a variation method on the serum volume(25 uL, 50 uL, 100 uL, 200 uL) was studied, and variation usefulness evaluation was conducted. The evaluation items were compared the results of precision, analytical sensitivity, recovery rate, dilution test, high-dose hook effect test, parallel test and very low concentration values(n = 20). Results The validation results were displayed in the order of 25 uL, 50 uL, 100 uL, 200 uL. As the serum volume increased, it was confirmed that CV (Coefficient of Variation)(%) improved. Analytical sensitivity(ng/mL) was 0.038, 0.041, 0.017, 0.015 and recovery rate(%) was 101±3, 101±3, 99±2, 97±4. very low concentration values(ng/mL) between each volume(n=20) were 0.135±0.068, 0.076±0.050, 0.048±0.034, 0.046±0.034. and high dose hook effect appeared as the serum volume increased. Conclusion Through the variation usefulness evaluation, it was confirmed that as the serum volume increased, the precision and sensitivity improved at very low concentration values. However, it is necessary to pay special attention to the occurrence of high-dose hook effect as the serum volume increases. In the case of tests that requires very low concentration values, it is thought that the reliability of the result will be increased if the variation method is properly used after the variation usefulness evaluation.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

Along with the wide use of radiotherapy in cancer treatment, there is growing interest in beneficial effect of low-dose irradiation (LDI) in cancer therapy. Therefore, we investigate how LDI affects immune responses in mice model. Total body irradiation (TBI) on C57BL/6 mice was given at low-dose rate of $1mGy{\cdot}min^{-1}$ using $^{137}Cs$ source at three times for consecutive three days. Hematological examination, total cell numbers of spleen, populations and characteristics of splenocytes were determined. Total numbers of RBC or platelet in irradiated mice showed no significant changes. WBC counts were decreased in a dose-dependent manner 2 days after TBI, however, these differences are gradually waned until 28 days. Dose-dependent decrease in the number of splenocytes of TBI mice at day 2 was also improved as time progressed. While the level of Foxp3 mRNA was decreased, the frequency of $CD4^+$ T cells and $CD69^+$ cells in spleen was increased at day 2 and 14. Fractionated low-dose TBI on mice exhibited normal body weight with no distinguishable behavior during whole experimental periods. These results suggest that some parameters of immune system could be altered and evaluated by fractionated low-dose TBI and be used to broaden boundary of low dose radiation research.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.194-203
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study was to observe the dose-dependent effects of bee venom (BV) pharmacopuncture on the serious ankle sprain in rats. Methods : The grade III ankle sprain was produced by surgically damaging the lateral ligaments complex of Sprague-Dawley rats. BV pharmacopuncture with the different doses($5{\mu}g/kg$, $10{\mu}g/kg$, $50{\mu}g/kg$) were treated on the different acupoints(GB34, GB39 and GB42) of the affected hind limb, respectively. By measuring foot weight bearing force ratio(FWBFR), the pain levels by ankle sprain and the pain recovery for 7 days were observed under BV pharmacopuncture on each acupoint. Results : In the normal and ankle sprained rat, the BV single administration decreased FWBFR in a dose - dependent pattern. The higher the BV dose, the higher the pain resulted in the normal and the sprained ankles. Especially, the dose - dependent effects of BV resulted in the most pronounced decrease in FWBFR in GB34. The recovery of FWBFR was shown at the low dose($5{\mu}g/kg$) BV and the effect was most remarkable in the BV of GB34, but the others showed no recovery effect compared with the control group. Conclusions : BV pharmacopuncture does not exhibit analgesic effects in acute phase of ankle sprain. However, the recovery of ankle sprain was more effective than the natural recovery in the case of low dose of BV repeated over time. Considering this, it is presumed that it would be important to select appropriate clinic guidelines for acute phase of ankle sprain.

• Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2011

This research investigated how low dose radiation affected the quality characteristics of Takju. The treatment group were the quality characteristics of control group, Takju treated by radiation of separate 4, 7, 10 Gy and sterilized Takju. We measured pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, brix, total viable cell count, Hunter's color values, sensory characteristic. As a result, We discovered there were minute changes in pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, brix, total viable cell count. Likewise, The color appeared changes on separate radiation dose. In the sensory characteristic, People's preference ranked better than average level according to priority Takju treated by 4, 7, 10 radiation. In conclusion, Low dose radiation had little effect on the quality characteristics of Takju. However, Takju received a favorable review by some people In test of taste such as after taste. So We thought, such as preservation, the research using the radiation should be continually conducted.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.331-343
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of short-wave therapy (SWT) for treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) as compared to placebo and control, and to assess the question of whether the effects are related to the mode, dosage, and application method. Methods: We searched randomized, placebo-controlled trials using electronic databases. We also manually reviewed sources in order to identify additional relevant studies. Results: Eight studies (597 participants) with OA were included in the meta-analysis. Pulse SWT had a significant effect on pain relief compared with control treatment, while did not favour compared with the placebo group. Pulse SWT had a significant effect on functional improvement compared with control and placebo treatment. Continuous SWT had no effect on pain relief and functional improvement. Capacitive SWT a significant effect on pain relief, functional improvement, and muscle strength. Continuous and capacitive SWT had increased muscle strength significantly. We found no clinical significance of all outcomes except pain and functional improvement in pulsed SWT with low dose. There was no difference in adverse events. None of the participants experienced any serious adverse events. Conclusion: Low dose pulsed SWT provided a short-term clinical benefit for pain relief and functional improvement. Pulsed SWD with low and high dose had effects on pain and function. There seems to be a placebo effect. We found significant effects on pain and function in capacitive SWT. Despite some positive findings, this analysis lacked data on how effectiveness is affected by mode, dosage, and application method of SWT. Further well-designed clinical studies are required in order to confirm the effectiveness of SWT.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2001

In this paper, space radiation environment and total ionizing dose(TID) effect have been analyzed for the KOMPSAT-2 operational orbit. It has been revealed that the trapped protons are concentrated in the SAA(South Atlantic Anomaly) area and that the trapped protons and electrons, and solar protons are main factors affecting TID. It turned out that low energy Particles can be effectively blocked by aluminum shielding thickness, but high energy Particles can not be effectively blocked by increasing aluminum shielding thickness. KOMPSAT-2 total radiation dose which is accumulated continuously to spacecraft electronics has been expressed as the function of aluminum thickness. These values ran be used as the criteria for the selection of electronic parts and shielding thinkness of the KOMPSAT-2 structure or electronic box.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.31
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• pp.1.1-1.13
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• 2016

Objectives To investigate the accuracy and scientific validity of the current very low risk factor for hereditary diseases in humans following exposures to ionizing radiation adopted by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The value is based on experiments on mice due to reportedly absent effects in the Japanese atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors. Methods To review the published evidence for heritable effects after ionising radiation exposures particularly, but not restricted to, populations exposed to contamination from the Chernobyl accident and from atmospheric nuclear test fallout. To make a compilation of findings about early deaths, congenital malformations, Down's syndrome, cancer and other genetic effects observed in humans after the exposure of the parents. To also examine more closely the evidence from the Japanese A-bomb epidemiology and discuss its scientific validity. Results Nearly all types of hereditary defects were found at doses as low as one to 10 mSv. We discuss the clash between the current risk model and these observations on the basis of biological mechanism and assumptions about linear relationships between dose and effect in neonatal and foetal epidemiology. The evidence supports a dose response relationship which is non-linear and is either biphasic or supralinear (hogs-back) and largely either saturates or falls above 10 mSv. Conclusions We conclude that the current risk model for heritable effects of radiation is unsafe. The dose response relationship is non-linear with the greatest effects at the lowest doses. Using Chernobyl data we derive an excess relative risk for all malformations of 1.0 per 10 mSv cumulative dose. The safety of the Japanese A-bomb epidemiology is argued to be both scientifically and philosophically questionable owing to errors in the choice of control groups, omission of internal exposure effects and assumptions about linear dose response.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2002

Gourd seeds were irradiated with the doses of 0-20 Gy to investigate the effect of the low dose $\gamma$-radiation on the early growth and physiological activity. The stimulating effects of the low dose y- radiation on the early growth were not noticeably high, but were increased generally at 4-16 Gy irradiation group. The catalase and peroxidase activity of cotyledon from seeds irradiated with $\gamma$- radiation were increased at 8 Gy irradiation group. The photochemical activity of leaf was noticeably high at 4 Gy irradiation group. The photochemical yield of PSII, estimated as Fv/Fm, decreased with increasing illumination time by 50% after 4 hrs in the control and 8 Gy irradiation group, while Fo slightly increased. However, Fv/Em in the 4 Gy irradiation group decreased by 40% of inhibition, indicating that photoinhibition decreased by the low dose $\gamma$- radiation. Changes in the effective quantum yield of PSII, $\varphi_{PSII}$ and 1/Fo- l/Fm, a measure of the rate constant of excitation trapping by the PSII reaction center, showed similar pattern to Fv/Em. NPQ decreased by 70% after photoinhibitory treatment with showing similar pattern between the control and the irradiation group. These results showed the positive effect of low dose $\gamma$- radiation on the seedling growth and the reduction of photoinhibition in the 4 Gy irradiation group.