• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 2021

Due to economic and environmental benefits, increasing the substitution ratio of ordinary cement by industry by-products like fly ash (FA) is one of the best approaches to reduce the impact of the concrete industry on the environment. However, as the substitution rate of FA increases, it will have an adverse impact on the performance of cement-based materials, so the actual substitution rate of FA is limited to around 10-30%. Therefore, in order to increase the early-age strength of high replacement (30-70%) low-calcium ultrafine FA blended cement paste, sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate dihydrate were used to improve the reactivity of FA. The results show that sodium sulfate has a significant enhancement effect on the strength of the composite pastes in the early and late ages, while calcium sulfate dihydrate has only a slight effect in the late ages. The addition of sodium sulfate in the cement-FA blended system can enhance the gain rate of non-evaporation water, and can decrease the Ca(OH)2 content. In addition, when the sulfate chemical activators are added, the ettringite content increases, and the surface of the FA is dissolved and hydrated.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.261-269
• /
• 2005

본 연구의 목적은 칼슘 함량이 낮은 플라이 애쉬를 이용하여 포틀랜트시멘트를 대신할 수 있는 알칼리활성 플라이 애쉬-시멘트를 제조하는데 있다. 플라이 애쉬의 활성화는 다양한 수산화나트륨 농도와 온도 그리고 liquid/fly ash 혼합비율에서 수행하였다. 좀 더 높은 압축강도를 가진 경화체를 얻기 위하여 규산나트륨을 알칼리 용액에 첨가하였다. 강도발현의 관점에서 볼 때, liquid/fly ash의 혼합비율과 활성화제 농도 그리고 온도는 항상 중요한 인자로 작용하였다. $NaOH(210g)+Na_2SiO_3{\cdot}9H_2O(30g)+H_2O=1L$로 구성된 알칼리 활성용액은 $50^{\circ}C$에서 칼슘 함량이 낮은 플라이 애쉬의 알칼리활성 효과를 가장 높게 나타냈다. 알칼리활성화된 플라이 애쉬는 주로 quartz와 mullite 그리고 무정형의 aluminosilicate로 구성되었음을 SEM과 XRD 분석결과에서 보여주었다.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.377-390
• /
• 2017

This study proposes a mix design method for geopolymer concrete (GPC) using low calcium fly ash and alccofine, with the focus on achieving the required compressive strength and workability at heat and ambient curing. Key factors identified and nine mixes with varied fly ash content (350, 375 and $400kg/m^3$) and different molarity (8, 12 and 16M) of NaOH solutions were prepared. The cubes prepared were cured at different temperatures ($27^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$) and tested for its compressive strength after 3, 7 and 28 days of curing. Fly ash content has been considered as the direct measure of workability and strength. The suggested mix design approach has been verified with the help of the example and targets well the requirements of fresh and hardened concrete.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 2019

Low-calcium fly ash (LCFA) were used to prepare cement/LCFA specimens in this study. The basic physical properties including water demand, fluidity, setting time, soundness and drying shrinkage of cement/LCFA paste were investigated. The effects of curing time, immersion time and wet-dry cycles in 3% $Na_2SO_4$ solution on the compressive strength and the microstructures of specimens were also discussed. The results show that LCFA increases the water demand, setting time, soundness of cement paste samples. 50% and 60% LCFA replacement ratio decrease the drying shrinkage of hardened cement paste. The compressive strength of plain cement specimens decreases at the later immersion stage in 3% $Na_2SO_4$ solution. The addition of LCFA can decrease this strength reduction of cement specimens. For all specimens with LCFA, the compressive strength increases with increasing immersion time. During the wet-dry cycles, the compressive strength of plain cement specimens decreases with increasing wet-dry cycles. However, the pores in the specimens with 30% and 40% LCFA at early ages could be large enough for the crystal of sodium sulfate, which leads to the compressive strength increase with the increase of wet-dry cycles in 3% $Na_2SO_4$ solution. The microstructures of cement/LCFA specimens are in good agreement with the compressive strength.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제29권7호
• /
• pp.810-819
• /
• 2007

물유리와 수산화나트륨 용액을 이용하여 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 플라이 애쉬/슬래그 시멘트 페이스트(FSC)의 반응생성물과 미세구조를 관찰하기 위하여 XRD, FTIR, $^{29}Si$ and $^{27}Al$ NMR, TGA and SEM 분석을 수행하였다. 무정형 상태 또는 저급 결정구조를 가진 calcium silicate hydrate와 aluminosilicate 겔이 각각 고로슬래그와 플라이 애쉬의 알칼리 활성반응에 의해 생성되었다. 실험결과, 물유리 모듈 1.0과 1.2가 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성반응을 위해 적정한 것으로 나타났다. 물유리 모듈 1.0과 1.2로 알칼리 활성화된 FSC 페이스트는 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성반응에 의해 생성된 겔 형태의 반응생성물과 물유리에 의한 또 다른 수화물(즉 실리카겔)에 의해 좀 더 단단하고 연속적이 모체가 형성되었음을 보여주었다.

• 한국연초학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.5-12
• /
• 1998

Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fly ash on growth responses and on accumulation of the heavy metals in soil. Two kinds of fly ash, anthracite and bituminous coal, were treated with different levels of 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 kg/pot(20L). Tobacco growth was better by application of fly ash than that by the control. However, the early stage of growth by application of bituminous coal, 1.2 kg/pot, was decreased due to the boron toxicity occurred by fly ash. Generally, tobacco yield was significantly increased with applying fly ash, showing the highest yield at 1.2 kg/pot for anthracite and at 0.8 kg/pot for bituminous coal. The content of total nitrogen in leaves was higher with fly ash than that of the control, while the content of calcium in leaves was low, Contents of heavy metal and the other minerals were not significantly different between the control and the treatment of fly ash. Soil pH after experiment was linearly increased with application level of fly ash, indicating that the application of bituminous coal was more effective than that of anthracite. Contents of available phosphate, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$+ and $Mg^{2+}$ in soil were increased by application of fly ash, especially with bituminous coal. Contents of Cu, Cr, and Ni were increased with application level of bituminous coati even if the contents were still lower than critical levels for farming land. The other heavy metals were similar between the control and the application of fly ash.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2021년도 가을 학술논문 발표대회
• /
• pp.176-177
• /
• 2021

In order to compensate for the defects of concrete made using only Portland cement, three-component powder mixed with blast slag and fly ash, and four-component powder concrete mixed with silica fume are being produced. When each of the admixtures is used alone, the above-described excellent performance is expressed and up to 70% of the powder is used. These technologies are also contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases under Act on Low Carbon. Green Growth. However, calcium hydroxide is consumed as a stimulator or reaction in the case of silica fume, which causes latent hydroponicity of slag, pozzolane reaction, and silica mixtures represented by fly ash. It is known that the consumption of calcium hydroxide affects the alkalinity of concrete. As a result, the carbonation resistance is significantly lower among the durability of concrete. Research on quantification of such effects is insufficient. In this study, an experiment was conducted to quantify calcium hydroxide of the three-component and four-component powder paste using thermal analysis equipment (DTG), and the effect of the mixing amount was discussed.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.289-301
• /
• 2017

The synergistic interactions of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) with ordinary portland cement (OPC) in multi-blended systems could enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete and increase the amount of cement that can be replaced. In this study, the characteristics of the hydration products as well as paste microstructure of blended cement containing 20% coal fly ash, 10% rice hull ash and 10% sugar mill lime sludge in quaternary blended system was investigated. Portlandite content, hydration products, compressive strength, pore size distribution and microstructural architecture of hydrated blended cement pastes were examined. The quaternary blended cement paste showed lower compressive strength, reduced amount of Portlandite phases, and higher porosity compared to plain hardened cement paste. The interaction of SCMs with OPC influenced the hydration products, resulting to the formation of ettringite and monocarboaluminate phases. The blended cement paste also showed extensive calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate silicate hydrates but unrefined compared to plain cement paste. In overall, the expected synergistic reaction was significantly hindered due to the low quality of supplementary cementitious materials used. Hence, pre-treatments of SCMs must be considered to enhance their reactivity as good quality SCMs can become limited in the future.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2019년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
• /
• pp.33-34
• /
• 2019

Malaysia, as a tropical rainforest country, enjoys an abundance of bamboo plant that proliferate throughout the country. The application of geopolymer technology has become a trend and preserve the environment from harm. Fly ash geopolymer concrete has low early strength and requires 24 hours for the concrete to harden. Thus, the presence of calcium and potassium content in bamboo ash could remedy this problem. Besides, there is no research regarding the use of bamboo ash as a binder in geopolymer concrete. Therefore, the presence of bamboo ash could improve the research field with the use of agriculture waste in a building construction. This research aim is to use bamboo ash in the production of fly ash geopolymer concrete. The specimens were casted in $100mm{\times}100mm{\times}100mm$ cubes and sodium based activator were used as the alkaline solutions. The binders are formulated with different binder ratio. All test specimens were cured at ambient temperature ($23^{\circ}C-25^{\circ}C$) and 100% fly ash was chosen as control specimen. To determine the mechanical properties of fly sh geopolymer concrete with the presence of bamboo ash, compressive strength test was conducted. The test results depicted that as the percentage of bamboo ash decreases, compressive strength increases. Also, the addition of 5% of bamboo ash into fly ash geopolymer concrete could improve the early strength in 7 days. The results were proven with the result explained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of bamboo ash improved the properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete at early ages.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2018

This paper approaches to improve the mechanical and durability properties of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete with the addition of Alccofine as a mineral admixture. The mechanical and durability performance of GPC was assessed by means of compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, water absorption and permeable voids tests. The correlation between compressive strength and flexural strength, depth of water penetration and percentage permeable voids are also reported. Test results show that addition of Alccofine significantly improves the mechanical as well as permeation properties of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete. Very good correlations were noted between the depth of water penetration and compressive strength, percentage permeable voids and compressive strength as well as between compressive strength and flexural strength.