• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.96-108
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• 2012

In modern society, humans' misdirected aspirations towards ideal beauty are discussed and criticized. This research utilizes a paradox to express the modern standard of beauty and the society's homogenization of it through plastic surgery. An empirical analysis was conducted of the artist's works that reflect anti-lookism. The works were classified as provocation, aesthetic, symbolic and paradoxical depending on the variety of the artists' approaches and expressions. Also, this part looks at anti-lookism cases in modern fashion industry that were given lascivious expressions. They characterized various types of human beauty. Anti-lookism is a movement that goes against this social trend. It seeks to awaken modern citizens from blind submission to homogenized beauty and commercialization of humans. This study intends to offer an image of ideal beauty that should appreciate and the concept of an ideal female body. The author hope that further researches are done in social, political, cultural and other levels of the society to establish anti-lookism.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2003

Recently 'lookism' is prevalent in Korean society. Lookism is a thought that one of causes of unequality of the mankinds is the appearance. The appearance is not only endowed but is made by efforts. Korean market related beauty including cosmetics occupied over $15billion. The purpose of this study is to find the determinants of the appearance management behaviors. Considering social characteristics of Korea and previous literatures, Collectivism, body image were chosen as an explaining variables. And self-esteem, attitudes toward sex roles and the shopping orientation and some demographic variables were selected. For the data analysis, 514 questionnaire for male and female in Daegu were collected. The determinants of appearance management behaviors were perceived level of living, concerns toward thinness, shopping orientation, appearance evaluation, female, family oriented thinking, belief in appearance power, attitude toward sex roles.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8707-8718
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to construct a hypothetic model for the influential theoretical variables for the facial cosmetic resurgery intention of female college students with cosmetic surgery experience and to examine the compatability of the re-surgery intention model with real data. The subjects in this study were 320 selected female college students who had undergone cosmetic surgery. After a survey was conducted from July 15 to September 20, 2014, the answer sheets from 300 respondents were gathered, and the answer sheets from 295 respondents were analyzed except for the five ones that included uncertain answers. As a result, it's ascertained that cognitive dissonance was under the direct influence of post-surgery satisfaction with appearance, self-esteem, subjective norm and lookism.. Self-esteem, subjective norm and lookism had a direct impact on resurgery intention, and self-esteem and lookism affected resurgery intention both in direct and indirect ways through the medium of cognitive dissonance. The findings of the study are expected to provide useful information on the development of nursing intervention programs geared toward promoting physical and mental health.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.324-325
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• 2004

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.461-479
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the appearance orientation and body shape management of adolescents in Daejeon. A survey was performed from December 16th~28th 2015 and 355 respondents were collected for analysis. 45.9% of the subjects were middle school students, whereas 54.1% of them were high school ones. The female and high school students tended to show higher ratings in lookism tendency and interests in beauty care, whereas male and middle school students tended to show higher ratings in physical satisfaction than the others. More than 40% of the respondents perceived them fatter than the standard weight, in particular, girls and the ones with opposite-sex friend perceived them fatter than their actual conditions. On body shape satisfaction, female and high school students indicated lower satisfaction. For body shape management, 75% of the female and 40% of the male students had tried weight control. The frequency and the duration time of exercise had higher for boys than girls, and the ones with opposite-sex friend than without. For methods of weight control, girls were more likely to do diet control, whereas boys were more committed to exercise. In general, students with high appearance orientation tended to control taking snacks and fast food or did diet control for body shape management. Conclusively, continued interest and guidance, not only at home but also in school, is required for students so that they can do proper body shape management to fulfill their appearance orientation and they will improve academic performance by gaining confidence through their appearance satisfaction.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.588-594
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• 2008

Lookism is spread largely because many people think beautiful people are treated better and receive more favors. This trend has been influenced by mass media and impacted by commercial marketing strategy. The expectation for the beauty have risen higher than ever. People expect beautiful body and beautiful face which are more difficult to meet the standard of beauty. People desire tall and skinny body. The purpuse of this study was to find out body image from college females in the age which they are very sensitive to appearance. This research focused to find out how they perceived their own body shape and their perception of the most ideal body shape. Measuring tool for the research was 9 pictures of body silhouette from very skinny to very fat. To analyse the respondents' objective body image, Body Mass Index were employed. The result of this research indicated that there were distinct differences between their subjective body images and ideal body images. This result indicated that they were not satisfied with their own body shape and hence they were not confident towards their body images. Even though their objective bodies were normal or under weight, they still felt they were over weight. This meant their body images were misrepresented. They preferred thinner bodies even though their bodies were perfectly normal and healthy. But these misrepresented body images could be unhealthy physically, psychologically, or socially. These results showed that college females were overly obsessive with superficial appearance rather than improving ones capability to be more competitive in the society. From this research, I tried to find out perception of body image and it's distortion which was debated a lot in our society. I also want to provide basic reference material for establishing the body image study.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1169-1179
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the elderly's image or appearance to ageism. In this study, image included factors such as image management, external image and self and other's acceptance. To investigate the cause and effect of image to ageism, we purposely collected 315 samples from 4 senior welfare centers in Jeonju and exploited SEM (Structural equation modeling) for 297 cases excluding some cases with missing values. According to the results, first, we found that oneself and others' acceptance of the elderly's external image decreases the experience of ageism. Second, the behavior for image management resulted in oneself and others' acceptance of the image. Third, the behavior for image management positively influenced the external image. Fourth, the elderly's external image caused positive effects on oneself and others' acceptance of the image. Fifth, behavior for image management showed decreasing effects of the ageism experience.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.187-197
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• 2013

This study examined the ideal type of a man that women prefer and the recognition of men for their own appearance management with the rise of the importance for appearance management today. The prerequisite which matters most in time of considering a man as a date of love predominantly was centered on education, and the prerequisite which goes first among the rest in time of judging a man as the mate of marriage was undoubtedly his financial status. It is regarded that as for a date of love the visual image or the specialty other than the conditions in reality mattered most, and concerning a mate in marriage the actual financial conditions had the priority. When a man is evaluated, the percentage of appearance took the highest rate of 60~80%, and in his appearance, the general harmony was considered as the most important factor. As for the recognition of men for their appearance management, women tend to have an affirmative realization for managing their own appearance in general, and the reason was they believe that the way men take care of their own appearance belongs to personal free will. The perception for a man with a decent appearance was very positive, and the ground for this was that once the appearance looks handsome, he seems gorgeous. The recognition for men's cosmetic surgery showed the affirmation over the average, and an opinion that the settlement of personal appearance complex will help them out emerged as the ground for this affirmation, and so it is regarded that the aesthetic surgery of today and the perception for men's appearance management have become universal phenomena unlike former days with the reflection of visualization of the external visual and lookism shown from various media.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

Purpose: To examine the effects of appearance satisfaction on school adjustment among adolescents and, further, the mediating effects of self-efficacy between appearance satisfaction and school adjustment. Methods: Conducted a self-report survey of 640 students consisting of sixth, eighth, and tenth graders in the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. The collected data were analyzed through the independent-sample t-test, the One-way ANOVA, the Pearson's correlation analysis, and the hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the SPSS WIN 18.0 statistical program. Results: First, boys and girls showed statistically significant differences. Boys reported higher levels of appearance satisfaction, school adjustment, and self-efficacy than girls. Second, there were no significant differences in appearance satisfaction and self-efficacy according to the school level. However, statistically significant differences were observed in school adjustment between sixth and eighth graders. Third, students who thought they belonged to the upper class in terms of academic performance and family economy showed the highest level of appearance satisfaction, school adjustment, and self-efficacy. Fourth, there were positive correlations between appearance satisfaction, self-efficacy, and school adjustment. Fifth, self-efficacy proved to have mediating effects between appearance satisfaction and school adjustment among adolescents. In particular, it had a full mediating effect on the relation between appearance satisfaction and adjustment to school life, one of the subfactors of school adjustment. Conclusion: The results suggest that appearance satisfaction is a factor which influences adolescents' school adjustment and that self-efficacy is an important means of mediating between appearance satisfaction and school adjustment. The study is significant in that it highlighted the importance of self-efficacy as one of the important variables to consider when planning various educational programs to help adolescents adjust to their school. In the light of the findings, in an effort to enhance adolescents' self-efficacy and help them lead a harmonious school life in Korea's so-called 'lookism' society, it is necessary to develop and implement counseling programs and character education materials that help adolescents develop a positive perception of their appearance and build self-esteem and self-confidence.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to understand changes of the current young generation's lifestyle, aesthetic attitude for an appearance, and way of thinking by making a close investigation into metrosexual, the recent mode, and find out its cultural and social implications. As a method of the study, the literature and the Internet data were reviewed. Articles from newspapers, magazines and the Internet were chosen roughly from the year 2000 to now because metrosexual mode remarkably boomed before and after 2000. Books related to the theory on the mode in a costume culture were referred. Also, articles in daily newspapers which dealt with cultural and social issues were reviewed, fashion magazines for men such as Esquire and GQ showing the new trend in men's lifestyle and fashion were examined, and the Internet providing us the latest news from cultural and social topics to fashion trends were investigated. The backgrounds of the rise of metrosexual mode were a collapse of stereotypes in various fields, spread of lookism in a visual image period, extension of commercialism, and expansion of men's character casual trend. Metrosexual was defined as an urban male with a strong aesthetic sense who spends a great deal of time and money on his appearance and lifestyle. His fashion style was characterized by slim and flowing silhouette, feminine and luxurious materials such as transparent chiffon, silk and cotton with a light and soft touch, and a knitted wear with a flowing line, a wide variety of vivid and pastel colors, floral and geometric patterns, and the decorative details like lace, beads, embroidery, and fur. From spread of this mode, two cultural and social implications were extracted. Firstly, the current young generation's aesthetic standards for the perfect man changed from macho man to considerate man who had a good appearance and this suggested that a conventional sex role broke down. Secondly, men began to explore for their own identity escaping from traditionally standardized masculinity that they had been forced to follow.