• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1992

철근(鐵筋)콘크리트 슬래브교(橋) 설계시(設計時) 교각(橋脚)을 T형 및 ${\Pi}$형식으로 취하는 것보다 기둥만으로 슬래브를 직접 지지(支持)하도록 함으로써 유효공간(有效空間) 확보 뿐만 아니라 슬래브 자체(自體)의 내하력(耐荷力)을 이용함으로써 구조적(構造的)인 효율측면(效率側面)에도 유리하다. 그러나 기둥으로 지지된 슬래브교의 설계를 위한 휨모멘트계산은 아직 체계화(體系化)되어 있지 않은 상태이다. 중간지지점(中間支持點)의 종방향(縱方向) 최대휨모멘트를 유효폭개념(有效幅槪念)을 적용하여 가상지간(假像支間)을 이용한 단순보해석으로 간단히 구할 수 있는 방법(方法)에 대하여 연구하고 유효폭을 수식화(數式化)하였다. 주요변수(主要變數)는 지간(支間), 교폭(橋幅), 슬래브 두께 및 기둥단면(斷面)으로 하고 유한요소법(有限要素法)을 이용하여 단면력(斷面力)의 변화를 조사하였다.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2001

2경간 연속 철도교의 종방향 거동에 영향을 미치는 여러 인자들에 대해서 연구하였다. 그 인자들로는 교각 강성의 크기, 교각의 높이, 교각기초의 크기와 교각받침의 강성을 변화시켜 그에 따른 변화양상을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 고정단 교각에서의 여러 인자들의 변화에 따른 종방향 거동의 변화가 가동단 교각에서의 변화에 따른 영향보다 크다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 받침강성을 변화시켜서 종방향 거동을 제어하는 것이 다른 인자들을 변화시키는 것보다 더 경제적이라 할 수 있다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degree of restraint (DOR) of longitudinal steel at continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) against environmental loadings. METHODS : To measure the longitudinal steel strain, 3-electrical resistance and self-temperature compensation gauges were installed to CRCP test section (thickness = 250mm, steel ratio = 0.7%) and continuously measured 10 min. intervals during 259 days. In order to properly analyze the steel strains first, temperature compensation process has been conducted. Secondly, measured steel strains were divided into 12 phases with different events such as before paving, during concrete hardening, and after first cracking, etc. RESULTS : Thermal strain rate (TSR) concept is defined as the linear strain variations with temperature changes and restraints rate of longitudinal steel against environmental loadings (especially thermal loading) with different cases is defined as degree of restraint(DOR). New concept of DOR could be indirect indicator of crack width behaviors of CRCP. CONCLUSIONS : Before paving, DOR of longitudinal steel is almost same at the coefficient of thermal expansion of steel ($12.44m/m/^{\circ}C$) because of no restraint boundary condition. After concrete pouring, DOR is gradually changed into -1 due to concrete stiffness developing with hydration. After first cracking at crack induced area, values of DOR are around -3~-5. The negative DOR stands for the crack width behavior instead of steel strain behavior. During winter season, DOR reached to -5.77 as the highest, but spring this values gradually reduced as -1.7 as the lowest. Based on this observation, we can presume crack width decreased over time within the time frame of this study. This finding is not consistent with the current theory on crack width variations over time, so further study is necessary to identify the causes of crack width reducing. One of the reasons could be related to concrete stress re-distribution and stress relaxation.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2021

본 연구에서 진단, 과민반응 검사에 사용되며 의약품에 불순물로 포함되어 규제되는 histamine의 단독 및 병용 투여에서 조직/근육 선택적 장관 수축성 조절에 대한 실험을 하고자 하였다. Histamine은 muscarinic receptor 작용 외에 histamine H1 receptor에 대한 직접 작용으로 수축성을 증가시켰고 회장/결장 윤주근에서 수축성을 거의 증가시키지 않았다. 또한 M3 수용체에 선택적으로 작용하는 atropine의 병용 효과를 관찰하였는데 histamine과 병용된 atropine은 장관 중 회장의 종주근의 수축성을 거의 감소시키지 않았고 회장/결장의 윤주근의 수축성을 감소시키지 않았다. 따라서 적어도 회장의 종주근에서 histamine은 M3 수용체를 거의 경유하지 않고 작용하고 atropine은 항무스카린 효과 외에 histamine에 의한 조직 선택적 위장관 운동성을 거의 조절하지 않는 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 이러한 단순한 검색은 의약품 불순물 검사로 선호될 것으로 생각된다.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2021

Tulips are bulbous geophytes that have considerable commercial value worldwide. This genus primarily originated in the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alai mountain ranges, which surround the Ferghana Valley. The Ferghana Valley is home to five sections of the genus Tulipa L, represented by 23 taxa (22 species). However, there is a lack of detailed information about the distribution of Tulipa species in the natural geographic area of the Ferghana Valley. Therefore, to address this knowledge gap, we comprehensively investigated the spatial distribution of all Tulipa species in the valley. To assess the spatial distribution, the entire area was divided into 32 squares consisting of four latitudinal and eight longitudinal zones. The results showed that latitudinal zones B and C with 15 and 13 taxa, respectively, along with five longitudinal zones (A5, B3, B4, C2, and C3) with 5 to 10 taxa were hotspots for this genus. Additionally, the spatial distributions of the species in terms of the corresponding state borders, mountain ranges, endemism, and conservation issues were assessed. The findings of this study provide comprehensive information about the distribution of Tulipa species to assist with conservation initiatives ultimately to ensure the survival of various species.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.283-295
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• 2007

We investigated the longitudinal variations in zooplankton abundances and their related physicochemical properties at nine stations located between $136^{\circ}W$ and $128^{\circ}W$ at $10.5^{\circ}N$ in the northeastern Pacific in summer 2004. Temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll-a (hereafter chl-a) and zooplankton ($>200\;{\mu}m$) were sampled within the depth from the surface to 200 m depth at $1^{\circ}$ longitude intervals. Zooplankton($>200\;{\mu}m$) samples were vertically collected at two depth intervals from surface to 200 m, consisting of surface mixed and lower layers (thermocline$\sim$200 m). Longitudinal distributional pattern of hydrological parameters (especially salinity) was physically influenced by the intensity of westward geostrophic current passage relating to the NEC (North Equatorial Current). Data from the longitudinal survey showed clear zonal distributions in the hydrological parameters(temperature, salinity and nutrients). However, spatial patterns of the chl-a concentrations and zooplankton abundances were mostly independent of the zonal distributions of hydrological parameters. The two peaks of zooplankton abundance in the surface mixed layer were characterized by different controlling factors such as bottom-up control from nutrients to zooplankton ($129^{\circ}W$) and accumulation by increment of friction force and taxonomic interrelationship ($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$). Divergence-related upwelling caused introduction of nutrients into surface waters leading to the increment of chl-a concentration and zooplankton abundances ($129^{\circ}W$). Increased friction force in relation to reduced flow rates of geostrophic currents caused accumulation of zooplankton drifting from eastern stations of study area($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$). Besides, high correlation between immature copepods and carnivorous groups such as chaetognaths and cyclopoids also possibly contributed to the enhanced total abundance of zooplankton in the surface mixed layer (p<0.05). Zooplankton community was divided into three groups (A, B, C) which consecutively included the eastern peak of zooplankton($129^{\circ}W$), the western peak($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$) and high nutrient but low chl-a concentration and zooplankton abundance ($136^{\circ}W$). Moreover, Group B corresponded to the westward movement of low saline waters(<33.6 psu) from 128 to $132^{\circ}W$. In summary, longitudinal distributions of zooplankton community was characterized by three different controlling factors: bottom-up control ($129^{\circ}W$), accumulation by increased friction force and relationships among zooplankton groups ($133^{\circ}$ and $134^{\circ}W$), and mismatch between hydrological parameters and zooplankton in the high nutrient low chlorophyll area ($136^{\circ}W$) during the study period.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2006

지난 1982년 우라카와 근해지진 및 1995년 효고현 남부 지진 등에 의하여 주철근이 겹침이음된 많은 교각들이 주철근 겹침이음부의 활동에 의한 휨-전단파괴를 발생하였음을 경험하였다. 철근콘크리트 교각의 내진성능은 소성힌지구간의 변형능력에 좌우되고 있으며, 이는 곡률연성도로서 평가된다. 우리나라에서는 1992년 내진 설계가 도입된 이후 철근콘크리트 교각의 주철근겹침이음에 대한 규정이 없었으나, 2005년 도로교 설계기준에서 주철근겹침음을 50% 이내에서 허용하고 있다. 본 연구는 단면 직경이 600 mm이고 형상비가 2.5 및 3.5인 주철근 겹침이음이 있는 철근콘크리트 교각에 대하여 지진시 소성힌지부의 곡률분포 및 곡률연성도에 대하여 조사하였다. 실험은 일정한 축력 $P=0.1f{ck}A_g$가 재하된 상태에서 변위제어 방식으로 준정적실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 반복하중에 의한 주철근 겹침이음부에 활동이 발생하면, 주철근 겹침이음 구간 내의 곡률이 주철근 겹침이음이 없는 경우와 다르게 나타났다. 다시 말하면 주철근 겹침이음 실험체의 겹침이음 구간 중의 하부 곡률은 주철근 겹침이음이 없는 실험체의 경우보다 큰 값을 보이고 있으며, 상부는 작은 값을 보였다. 이로 인하여 교각실험체의 손상은 겹침이음 구간의 하부에 집중되어 휨파괴되는 모습으로 보이는 양상을 보였다.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1043-1050
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• 2010

This paper examined the probabilistic load analysis for the tailplane during pitching maneuvering in the conceptual aircraft design phase. The flight load analysis based on the probabilistic distribution of design variables are compared with the results of the deterministic analysis. Two forms of variable distribution are used in this paper. One is standard normal distribution, the other distribution is calculated from the results of short-period longitudinal equation of aircraft motion. The influence of the distribution parameter on the probabilistic load analysis was investigated and the significant design variables that have an impact on the mean and variance of probabilistic load were identified. The comparison indicates that probabilistic load analysis provides more reliable probabilistic load distribution for the structural design than the traditional deterministic analysis.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2003년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.500-502
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• 2003

This paper reviews calculating of induced voltage onto a communication line from 22.9kV-Y Distribution Lines. The coexistence of both power line and communication line in parallel generates the induction of significant longitudinal voltage in the weak current line. In order to evaluate a precise induced voltage, this paper indicated some problems about coefficient and numerical formula. It also presents some induced voltage production technology standard application.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2012

This study was conducted to qualify the equality of the flow distribution from open channel between rapid mixing basin and flocculation basins in a domestic S_ water treatment plant, and to suggest a remedy for improving the equality. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the suggested remedy, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique are used, and for verifying the CFD simulation results tracer tests were carried out. From the results of CFD simulation and tracer tests, it was investigated that the modification of hydraulic structure in the distribution channel, which is to install the longitudinal orifice baffle in flow direction, could improve the equality of the flow distribution over 75%.