• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 2004

A rational and simple analytical model to predict the time varying cracking moment of reinforced concrete sections under sustained loading is developed. The modeling procedure is based on equilibrium and compatibility requirements and takes into account the interdependent effects of creep and shrinkage as well as the presence of axial loading. A parametric study is conducted in which particular consideration is given to the effects of reinforcement ratio, level of loading, and creep and shrinkage characteristics of concrete. It is concluded that the reduction in cracking moment is mainly attributed to shrinkage. The effect of shrinkage is more pronounced at low levels of sustained loading and at high reinforcement ratios. This effect is lessened by the compression steel and creep particularly when the applied moment is near the cracking moment.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.343-350
• /
• 2014

A probabilistic construction stage analysis using the Monte Carlo Simulation was performed to address the effects of uncertainty regarding the material properties, environmental factors, and applied forces. In the previous research, creep and shrinkage were assumed to be completely independent random variables. However, because of the common influencing factors in the material models for the creep and shrinkage estimation, strong correlation between creep and shrinkage can be presumed. In this paper, an Monte Carlo Simulation using CEB-FIB creep and shrinkage equations were performed to actually evaluate the correlation coefficient between two phenomena, and then another Monte Carlo Simulation to evaluate the statistical properties of axial strain affected by partially correlated random variables including the material properties, environmental factors, and applied forces. The results of Monte Carlo Simulation were compared with measured strains of a column on a first story in a 58-story building. Comparison indicated that the variation due to the uncertainty related with the material properties were most severe. And measured strains was within the range of mean+standard deviation.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.615-625
• /
• 2014

Excessive long-term slab deflection caused by construction load is a critical issue for the design of concrete slabs, as long span flat plates become popular for tall buildings. In the present study, the effect of construction load causing early slab cracking on the long-term deflection was theoretically studied. On the basis of the result, a numerical analysis method was developed to predict the long-term deflection of flat plates. In the proposed method, immediate deflection due to slab cracking and long-term effect of creep and shrinkage were considered. To verify the construction load effect, long-term slab deflections were measured in actual flat plate buildings under construction. The results showed that the immediate deflection due to the construction load increased significantly the long-term deflection. The proposed method was used to predict the deflections of the buildings. The results were compared with the measurement results. The predictions agree well with the long-term deflections of flat plate affected by construction load.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.521-529
• /
• 2002

A restraint coefficient for creep and dry shrinkage deformation of concrete in a composite section was derived to calculate the residual stress, and an equation for the loss rate of the pre-compression force was proposed. The derived restraint coefficient was computed by using the transformed section properties for the age-adjusted effective modulus of elasticity. The long-term behavior of complicate composite sections could be analyzed easily with the restraint coefficient. The articles of the current design code was examined for PSC and steel composite sections. The dry shrinkage strains of $150 ~ 200$\times$10^{-6}$ for the computations of the statically indeterminate force and the expansion joint could be under-estimated for less restrained sections such as the reinforced concrete. The dry shrinkage strain of $180$\times$10^{-6}$ for the computation of residual stress in the steel composite section was unreasonably less value. The loss rate of 16.3% of the design code for the PSC composite section in this study was conservative for the long-term deformation of the ACI 205 but could not be used safely for that of the Eurocode 2. For pre-compressed concrete slab in the steel composite section, the loss rate of prestressed force with low strength reinforcement was much larger than that with high strength tendon. The loss rate of concrete pre-compression increased, while that of pre-tension decreased due to the restraint of the steel girder.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.28 no.1A
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 2008

This paper presents the analytical method for the long-term behavior of simply supported composite beams with precast decks prestressed in the longitudinal direction. The objectives of time-dependent analysis are to estimate losses of prestress on the concrete slab and long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage of concrete, relaxation of prestressing steel. Also, the time-dependent analysis was carried out using the presented analytical method to evaluate the effects of several parameters on the long-term behavior of composite bridge with precast deck, including geometrical shapes of composite beams, compressive strength of concrete and magnitude of initial prestress. The results of the analysis indicated that, in the effects of geometrical shapes of composite beams, the main parameters affecting the losses of prestress and the long-term deflection were the cross sectional area and the moment of inertia of steel beam, respectively. Finally, the determination method for the required initial prestress was proposed by evaluation of the loss characteristics due to shrinkage and creep of concrete.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.337-340
• /
• 2004

In recent days, the beneficial effects of using fiber reinforced concrete, especially Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, have been on the rise. However, few studies on long-term behavior of SFRC are executed in spite of great demand of SFRC. The fact that SFRC is far better than NRC in various properties such as tensile strength, ductility, flexural toughness has been certified by many researchers. And, those advantages can be also applied to decrease the structures deterioration induced by creep and shrinkage. Furthermore, even though it is fact that SFRC is generally used in joint members to distribute concentrated stresses by fibers, SFRC is treated as NRC in designing especially for long-term behavior of structures. So this paper is about a study on the long-term response of SFRC applied to HPC about 40MPa. Therefore, in this paper, the test results of eighteen high-strength concrete specimens and steel fiber-reinforced concrete specimens, with steel fiber content of $1\%$ by volume were presented. The test result shows that SFRC is advantageous rather than NRC in long-term response.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.193-197
• /
• 2001

The growth in concrete structures repair has prompted major efforts to develop high early strength concrete. The internal or external restraint of thermal shrinkage movements could thus generate tensile stresses in concrete structures if it is used rapid setting repair concrete. Restrained shrinkage and thermal stresses could produce microcracks in concrete which increase its permeability and accelerate its long-term deterioration under weathering and load effects. This study aims at evaluation and increase of the engineering properties of high early strength concrete using regulated set cement.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 1995.10a
• /
• pp.80-83
• /
• 1995

In order to develope and apply high-performance steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), the effects of steel fibers on durability and long-term deformation of SFRC due to various mixing conditions have been studied. As the test result show, the manufacturing process technology of industrial SFRC is developed And the durability of SFRC such as freeze-thaw, resisteance abrasion resistance are significantly improved, the drying shrinkage of SFRC, is remarkably decreased by increasing the steel fiber contents than plain concrete

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.357-360
• /
• 2006

Under sustained load, the stress variation occurs due to creep and shrinkage of concrete on the sections of steel-concrete composite girders. In standard specification for highway bridge, the method of stress estimation considering time effects is based on the concept of Yassumi method. In this study, comparing the analysis results using the AEMM and Yassumii method long-term behaviors, the rationality of specified requirements is checked.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.345-365
• /
• 2003

The adoption of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars (whose behaviour is elastic-brittle) in reinforced concrete (RC) cross sections requires the assessment of the influence of time-dependent behaviour of concrete on the load-carrying capacity of these sections. This paper presents a method of computing the load-carrying capacity of sections that are at first submitted to a constant long-term service load and then overloaded up to ultimate load. The method solves first a non-linear visco-elastic problem, and then a non-linear instantaneous analysis up to ultimate load that takes into account the self-equilibrated stress distribution previously computed. This method is then adopted to perform a parametric analysis that shows that creep and shrinkage of concrete increase the load-carrying capacity of the cross section reinforced with FRP and allows for the suggestion of simple design rules.