• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-103
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• 2014

In this study, 70 national brands among men's wear brands were selected to examine linguistic characteristics of domestic national men's wear brand names. Linguistic factors which were used in national men's wear brand names were analyzed to understand their characteristics. Formative and semantic characteristics of each brand name were analyzed on the basis of the results from previous studies. It was found that long words with over four syllables are preferred than short words and single words in the form of noun are frequently used for domestic national men's wear brand names in terms of linguistic formality. English is most widely used in brand names, and European languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian are also used frequently under the influence of the country of origin. Next, the analysis result on the semantic characteristics of domestic national men's wear brand names showed that descriptive brand names are used to convey brand information directly and easily, or freestanding brand names which are absolutely irrelevant and newly coined words are chosen to create a characteristic image. In other words, brand names represent detailed business and product category of men's wear by forming a brand image of men's wear (ex. Man, Homme, Zio), and provide the information about properties and benefits related to the product such as dignity, masterpiece, and luxurious lifestyle to consumers by presenting the concept of the brand.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2022

Mongolian folk songs are inspired by Mongolian labor songs and are classified into long and short songs. Mongolian long songs have ancient origins, are rich in legends, and are a great source of folklore. So it was inscribed by UNESCO in 2008. Mongolian written literature is formed under the direct influence of oral literature. Mongolian long song has 3 classes: ayzam, suman, and besreg by their lyrics and structure. In ayzam long song, the world perfectly embodies the philosophical nature of world phenomena and the nature of human life. Suman long song has a wide range of topics such as the common way of life, respect for ancestors, respect for fathers, respect for mountains and water, livestock and animal husbandry, as well as the history of Mongolia. Besreg long songs are dominated by commanded and trained characters. In this paper, we proposed a method to classify their 3 types of long songs using machine learning, based on their lyrics structures without semantic information. We collected lyrics of over 80 long songs and extracted 11 features from every single song. The features are the name of a song, number of the verse, number of lines, number of words, general value, double value, elapsed time of verse, elapsed time of 5 words, and the longest elapsed time of 1 word, full text, and type label. In experimental results, our proposed features show on average 78% recognition rates in function type machine learning methods, to classify the ayzam, suman, and besreg classes.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.878-890
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to apply the PEOE class model that can enhance students' scientific creative problem-solving ability and self-directed learning ability in the middle school science subject and analyze the effects of it on students' long- and short-term retention, scientific creative problem-solving ability, and self-directed learning characteristics. And the paper has gained the following results: First, according to the result of analysis through the pre-test, post-test, and delay test to examine the effects of PEOE-based class on learners' long- and short-term retention, it is found to be statistically significant in the significant level of .05. In other words, the class using PEOE influences learners' short-term retention significantly, but it is even more effective in transmitting the concept that students acquire into their long-term memory. Second, according to the result of analysis through the pre-test and post-test to examine the effects of PEOE-based class on learners' scientific creative problem-solving ability, it is found to be statistically significant in the significant level of .05 in general. However, 'elaboration' and 'originality', the subfactors of scientific creative problem-solving ability, do not indicate significant effects. Third, according to the result of analysis through the pre-test and post-test to examine the effects of PEOE-based class on learners' self-directed learning characteristics, it is found to be statistically significant in the significant level of .05 as a whole. However, 'openness' and 'future-oriented self-understanding', the subfactors of self-directed learning characteristics, do not exert significant effects. Based on the above study results, it can be concluded that PEOE-based class is more effective for learners' academic achievement in science, scientific creative problem-solving ability, and self-directed learning characteristics than lecture-method instruction regarding the middle school science unit of 'The Properties of Air and Weather Change'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.32B no.12
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• pp.1663-1669
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• 1995

This paper is a study on the recognition of Korean proverb using neural network and Markov model. The neural network uses, at the stage of training neurons, features such as the rate of zero crossing, short-term energy and PLP-Cepstrum, covering a time of 300ms long. Markov models were generated by the recognized phoneme strings. The recognition of words and proverbs using Markov models have been carried out. Experimental results show that phoneme and word recognition rates are 81. 2%, 94.0% respectively for Korean proverb recognition experiments.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.125-131
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• 2014

Objective: Under estrogen deficiency, blastocysts cannot initiate implantation and enter dormancy. Dormant blastocysts live longer in utero than normal blastocysts, and autophagy has been suggested as a mechanism underlying the sustained survival of dormant blastocysts during delayed implantation. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway and a central component of the integrated stress response. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced within cells during normal metabolism, but their levels increase dramatically under stressful conditions. We investigated whether heightened autophagy in dormant blastocysts is associated with the increased oxidative stress under the unfavorable condition of delayed implantation. Methods: To visualize ROS production, day 8 (short-term dormancy) and day 20 (long-term dormancy) dormant blastocysts were loaded with $1-{\mu}M$ 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-$H_2DCFDA$). To block autophagic activation, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and wortmannin were used in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Results: We observed that ROS production was not significantly affected by the status of dormancy; in other words, both dormant and activated blastocysts showed high levels of ROS. However, ROS production was higher in the dormant blastocysts of the long-term dormancy group than in those of the short-term group. The addition of wortmannin to dormant blastocysts in vitro and 3-MA injection in vivo significantly increased ROS production in the short-term dormant blastocysts. In the long-term dormant blastocysts, ROS levels were not significantly affected by the treatment of the autophagy inhibitor. Conclusion: During delayed implantation, heightened autophagy in dormant blastocysts may be operative as a potential mechanism to reduce oxidative stress. Further, ROS may be one of the potential causes of compromised developmental competence of long-term dormant blastocysts after implantation.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.137-154
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to analyze vowel lengthening triggered by resyllabification. In general, short vowels become long when a following consonant is deleted, as shown in stehli 'steel' > st$\bar{e}$li and *fimf 'five' > five. We can account for the phenomenon in a straightforward way within the framework of CV phonology (Clements & Keyser, 1983) : deletion of a coda consonant C slot and then the preceding vowel spreads onto it, resulting in a long vowel. The analysis, however, cannot hold for words like ealhes 'temple', where deletion of an onset segment eventually triggers vowel lengthening in the preceding syllable. In order to account for this, I propose resyllabification. That is, ealhes first becomes eales by /h/-deletion. Next, the /l/ in coda is resyllabified as the onset of the following syllable, leaving its C slot unoccupied. Finally, the vowel spreads onto the empty slot, producing a long vowel.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.71
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

The early 20th century is a period of time when Korea confronted with the surging waves of modernization, and made a variety of internal reactions. The Korean language, not immune to the upheaval, also experienced new changes and gradually gained characteristics of today's Korean. Although scholars have not yet fully agreed upon the time division of Korean, Gabo reformation (1896) is usually considered to be the beginning of modern Korean. Thus, the early 20th century was also the beginning of modern Korean. Phonological, lexical, and grammatical characteristics of modern day Korean began to appear during this period of time. Phonologically, the 10 vowel system was established, glottal sounds and aspirated sounds increased, vowel harmony declined. Phenomena such as vowel raising, front-vowelization, monophthongization, and the word-initial rule appeared. Meanwhile, hangul-Chinese mix writing became common practice, and hangul-only writing also started to take place in narrative writing, and elements of spoken language began to reflect in written language. All those pointed to the unification of written and spoken language. Under the influence of modernization, a great amount of new words appeared. Especially, Japanese and other foreign words flooded in in great quantities. Grammatically, '-eos-(-엇-), -neun-(-는-), -ges-(-겟-)' trichotomy system of tenses was established, and hearer-oriented honorific system also formed a binary system of 'hasoseo(하소서), hasibsio(하십시오), hao(하오), hage(하게), haera(해라)' and 'hae (해), haeyo(해요)'. In word formation and sentence construction, the use of '-gi(-기)' became more frequent than '-eum(-음)', while '~geot(~것)' also significantly increased. In negative, causative and passive expressions, the use of long form, which has fewer restrictions than the short form, became more frequent. A tendency towards simplicity appeared. In the same vain, long and complex sentences with several clauses tend to be avoided. Instead, short simple sentences became more favorable. Korean linguistics scholars should pay closer attention to the modernization period, which includes the early 20th century. In order to fully understand today's Korean language, more thorough research on this immediately preceding period is necessary.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.170-179
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal cortical activation pattern and functional connectivity during visual perception of words. 61 channel recordings of electroencephalogram were obtained from 15 subjects while they were judging the meaning of Korean, English, and Chinese words with concrete meanings. We examined event-related potentials (ERP) and applied independent component analysis (ICA) to find and separate simultaneously activated neural sources. Spectral analysis was also performed to investigate the gamma-band activity (GBA, 30-50 Hz) which is known to reflect feature binding. Five significant ERP components were identified and left hemispheric dominance was observed for most sites. Meaningful differences of amplitudes and latencies among languages were observed. It seemed that familiarity with each language and orthographic characteristics affected the characteristics of ERP components. ICA helped confirm several prominent sources corresponding to some ERP components. The results of spectral and time-frequency analyses showed distinct GBAs at prefrontal, frontal, and temporal sites. The GBAs at prefrontal and temporal sites were significantly correlated with the LPC amplitude and response time. The differences in spatiotemporal patterns of GBA among languages were not prominent compared to the inter-individual differences. The gamma-band coherence revealed short-range connectivity within frontal region and long-range connectivity between frontal, posterior, and temporal sites.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.107-115
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• 2015

In this paper English word-final /s/ and /z/ produced by English and Korean speakers were investigated. The durations and maximum intensities of these fricatives with those of their preceding vowels were compared. In the English speakers' productions, they relied on the ratio of the durations of them as well as the ratio of the maximum intensities of them. In their productions, the /s/ was long in duration and high in maximum intensity and its preceding vowel was short in duration whereas the /z/ was short in duration and low in maximum intensity and its preceding vowel was long in duration. However, the maximum intensities of the preceding vowels were not different in their productions. But in the Korean speakers' productions, they relied on neither the ratio of the durations of them nor the ratio of the maximum intensities of them. In their productions, the /s/ and the /z/ were not different in durations, but the duration of the preceding vowel of the /s/ was shorter than that of /z/, and the maximum intensities of the /s/ and /z/ as well as their preceding vowels were not different. Based on these results we can conclude that in distinguishing /CVs/ and /CVz/ words, English speakers used durations and intensities of the word-final fricatives in addition to durations of the vowels whereas Koreans used only durations of the vowels.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide the fundamental data for the gradual apartment management plan. Through the questionnaire survey, residential satisfactions and maintenance consciousness were investigated. As the result of statistic analysis, the residents' needs for improvement according to the life span of apartment communities were found out. And we can also compare the differences about maintenance consciousness to the life span of apartment. The major research findings are as follows. First, the satisfaction averages according to the life span of apartment communities were classified two groups, less than 10 years' and over than 10 years'. By the requirement for improvement according as the life span apartment communities, habitability factors was demanded in less tham 10 years' group and safety factors was required in over than 10 years' group, Second, dwellers have high preference about remodeling to reconstruction. Especially we have to pay attention to the result that positive consciousness of remodeling and long term reparative marked highly in the group which has the short elapsed years. These results represent the possibility gradual step-by-step remodeling. In other words, the object of remodeling is not only odeteriorated apartments but also new apartments to have short elapsed years.