• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.19-38
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the architectural character of the upper risen architecture(高床式 建築) in Japan. There are few upper risen architecture and architectural remains in Korea. Until now most of Korean researcher recognized that the upper risen architecture is southern regions' form. But there are a few numbers of upper risen buildings in northern regions of Korea and China. Therefore we need to compare northern and southern regions' upper risen architecture. The scope of this study is architectural remains, sites and present buildings about upper risen architecture in Japan. The period of this study is from third to eighth century. The method of this study is the analyses of site plan(the ratio of front and side length) and construction about Japanese Architecture. And then this study compare Japanese with other countries in Korean and Chinese upper risen architecture. Results of the study are below. 1. In Japan, upper risen architecture was introduced into southern regions(southern China and southeast Asia) with rice farming culture. 2. After introduced upper risen architecture, they were influenced many architectural technique of Korean and Chinese. 3. There were many technical improvement(such as foundation stone standing method, high technical wooden frame structure and adaptable triangle frame wall at moisture) the Japanese upper risen architecture in Nara Period(奈良時代). 4. As the results, I found out that there were many similarity Korea and Japan in upper risen architecture. I think that we will try continuous to study another regions' upper risen architecture in order to define conclusion.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.105-114
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• 2005

It was verified that a speaker verification system improved its performances of EER by regularizing log likelihood ratio, using background speaker models. Recently the wireless mobile phones are becoming more dominant communication terminals than wired phones. So the need for building a speaker verification system on mobile phone is increasing abruptly. Therefore in this paper, we had some experiments to examine the performance of speaker verification based on mobile phone's voices. Especially we are focused on the performance variations in EER(Equal Error Rate) according to several background speaker's characteristics, such as selecting methods(MSC, MIX), number of background speakers, aging factor of speech database. For this, we constructed a speaker verification system that uses GMM(Gaussin Mixture Model) and found that the MIX method is generally superior to another method by about 1.0% EER. In aspect of number of background speakers, EER is decreasing in proportion to the background speakers populations. As the number is increasing as 6, 10 and 16, the EERs are recorded as 13.0%, 12.2%, and 11.6%. An unexpected results are happened in aging effects of the speech database on the performance. EERs are measured as 4%, 12% and 19% for each seasonally recorded databases from session 1 to session 3, respectively, where duration gap between sessions is set by 3 months. Although seasons speech database has 10 speakers and 10 sentences per each, which gives less statistical confidence to results, we confirmed that enrolled speaker models in speaker verification system should be regularly updated using the ongoing claimant's utterances.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.155-161
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• 2022

The outbreak of the Covid 19 increased the interest on the 'Virtual Tourism. In this research the key word related to "Virtual Tourism" was collected through the search engine and was analyzed through the data mining method such as Log-odds ratio, Frequency, and network analysis. It is clear that the information and communication dependency increased in the field of "Virtual Tourism" after Covid 19 and also the trend have changed from "securement of the contents diversity" to "project related to economic recovery." Since the demands for the "Virtual Reality" such as metaverse is increasing, there should be an economic and circular structure in which the government establishing a related policy and the funding plan based on the research, local government and the private companies planning and producing discriminate contents focusing on AISAS(Attension, Interest, Search, Action, Share) aand the research institutions and universities developing, applying, assessing and commercializing the technology.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 2014

To maintain the quality of sweet persimmon during storage, the samples were treated with a combination of 50 ppm $ClO_2$ and 0.1% fumaric acid after harvest, packaged with low density polyethylene film, and stored at $1{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 35 days. The combined treatment reduced the populations of total aerobic bacteria, yeast and molds by 1.82 and 2.07 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to the control. During storage, hardness of all samples decreased, but total soluble solids and weight loss were not significantly different among treatments. In addition, high-quality dehydrated sweet persimmon was prepared using red algae extract as a dehydrating agent. The rehydration ratio and vitamin C content of red algae extract-treated sample were greater than those of hot-air dried sample. These results suggest that the combined treatment of $ClO_2$ and fumaric acid can be useful for maintaining microbiological safety of sweet persimmon during storage and dehydration of sweet persimmon slices using red algae extract is an efficient drying method for the preparation of high-quality dehydrated sweet persimmon.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.63-101
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• 1982

A study was conducted to investigate the possibility of improving the effectiveness of the existing method(s) to estimate the edible meat weight in live broiler chicken. Four. breeds of chicken, white Cornish broiler chicks(parent stock), Single Comb White Leghorn(SCWL) egg strain chicks (parent stock), and two reciprocal cross breds of these parent stocks were employed in this study. A total of 480 birds, 60 male and 60 female chicks for each breed, were used. Ten male and 10 female chicks from each breed were randomly sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of ages in order to measure the body weight, edible meat weight of breast and 1eg(thigh and drum-stick), various components of body weight and various body shape measurements. In addition, chemical analyses of edible meat were carried out. Results obtained from this sturd were summarized as follows. 1. The average body weights of White Cornish broiler chicks and SCWL egg strain chicks were 1.82${\pm}$0.048kg(X${\pm}$S.E.) and 0.67${\pm}$0.029 kg. respectively, at 8 weeks of age. The feed to gain ratio for White Cornish and SCWL chicks were 2.24 and 3.28, respectively, for 0 to 8 weeks of age. The reciprocal cross bred chicks (White Cornish ${\times}$ SCWL) showed intermediate values in both parameters.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.306-311
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• 2001

Purpose : In this retrospective study, we attempted to evaluate the treatment outcome and the prognostic factors of thymoma treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Methods and materials : Between 1979 and 1998, 55 patients with thymoma were treated at the Seoul National University Hospital. Of these, 11 patients underwent surgery only, 33 patients received post-operative radiotherapy and 11 patients received radiotherapy only. Twenty-three patients had gross total resection and 21 patients subtotal resection. For postoperative radiotherapy, the radiation dose consisted of $41.4\~55.8\;Gy$. The average follow-up was 64 months, and ranged from 2 to 160 months. The sex ratio was 1:1 and the median age was 48 years $(15\~74\;years)$. Overall survival and disease-free survival were determined via the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank was employed to evaluate for differences in prognostic factor. Results : The five- and 10-year survivai rates were $87\%\;and\;65\%$ respectively, and the median survival was 103 months. By univariate analysis, only stage (p=0.0017) turned out to be significant prognostic factors of overall survival. Also, stage (p=0.0007) was significantly predictive for overall survival in mutivariated analysis. Conclusion : This study showed the stage was found to be important prognostic factors, which influenced survival. Especially, as incomplete resection is related with poor results, complete resection is important to cure the invasive thymoma.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.399-404
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• 2013

Objective : The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of brain metastases (BM) from breast cancer (BC) after Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKS). Methods : Pathologic and clinical features, and outcomes were analyzed in a cohort of 62 patients with BM from BC treated by GKS. The Kaplan- Meier method, the log-rank test, and Cox's proportional hazards model were used to assess prognostic factors. Results : Median survival after GKS was 73.0 weeks (95% confidence interval, 46.0-100.1). HER2+ [hazard ratio (HR) 0.441; p=0.045], Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) ${\geq}70$ (RR 0.416; p=0.050) and systemic chemotherapy after GKS (RR 0.282; p=0.001) were found to be a favorable prognostic factor of overall survival. Actuarial local control (LC) rate were $89.5{\pm}4.5%$ and $70.5{\pm}6.9%$ at 6 and 12 months after GKS, respectively. No prognostic factors were found to affect LC rate. Uni- and multivariate analysis revealed that the distant control (DC) rate was higher in patients with; a small number (${\leq}3$) of metastasis (HR 0.300; p=0.045), no known extracranial metastasis (p=0.013, log-rank test), or the HER2+ subtype (HR 0.267; p=0.027). Additional whole brain radiation therapy and metastasis volume were not found to be significantly associated with LC, DC, or overall survival. Conclusion : The treatment outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed BM from BC treated with GKS could be affected primarily by intrinsic subtype, KPS, and systemic chemotherapy. Therapeutic strategy and prognosis scoring system should be individualized based on considerations of intrinsic subtype in addition to traditionally known parameters related to stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to develop models to predict freshness factors (total viable counts (TVC), pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values) and the storage period in beef using a visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technique. A total of 216 beef spectra were collected during the storage period from 0 to 14 d at a $10^{\circ}C$ storage. A spectrophotometer was used to measure reflectance spectra from beef samples, and beef freshness spectra were divided into a calibration set and a validation set. Multi-linear regression (MLR) models using the stepwise method were developed to predict the factors. The MLR results showed that beef freshness had a good correlation between the predicted and measured factors using the selected wavelength. The correlation of determination ($r^2$), standard error of prediction (SEP), and ratio of standard deviation to SEP (RPD) of the prediction set for TVC was 0.74, 0.64, and 2.75 Log CFU/$cm^2$, respectively. The $r^2$, SEP, and RPD values for pH were 0.43, 0.10, and 1.10; those for VBN were 0.73, 1.45, and 2.00 mg%; those for TMA were 0.70, 0.19, and 2.58 mg%; those for TBA values were 0.73, 0.13, and 2.77 mg MA/kg; and those for storage period were 0.77, 1.94, and 2.53 d, respectively. The results indicate that visible and NIR spectroscopy can predict beef freshness during storage.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.1 s.61
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• pp.38-45
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• 2006

Ecological characteristics of microbial populations inhabiting heavy metal polluted soil were investigated. The samples were collected from 293 sites around an factory and industry at Gyeoungsangbuk-do. We measured the contents of seven heavy metal elements (Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, CN), seven sites have been seriously contaminated by mercury and chrome. A quantitative evaluation of microbial populations in mercury and chrome contaminated soil was examined by using plate count method. Bacterial numbers in polluted soil samples ranged from $7.4X10^5\;to\;9.3X10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, about $10\sim100$ fold less than the count for the unpolluted soil. Moulds were not detected in chrome polluted soil. The log values of actinomycetes of each contaminated soil samples were log ranged from 6.18 to 7.52. The ratio of actinomycetes was similar to unpolluted soil. The investigation showed actinomycetes to be the major microbial population inhabiting the mercury and chrome polluted soil. Thirty-one isolates among the total isolates were examined for antibacterial activity. These isolates were identified based on a phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences, they were categorized in three major phylogenetic groups, belong to the Streptomyces (6 strains), Saccharopolyspora (3 strains), Nocardiodes (1 strain). On the phylogenetic tree, the clade consisting of five isolates were distantly related to all of the established Streptomycetes genera, indicating the possibility as members of new species.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.118-131
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• 2020

It is necessary to add protective agents for protecting the probiotic viability in the preparation process of probiotics starter. In this study, we used whey protein concentrate (WPC), pullulan, trehalose, and sodium glutamate as the protective agent and optimized the proportion of protective agent and spray-drying parameters to achieve the best protective effect on Lactobacillus plantarum. Moreover, the viable counts of L. plantarum in starter stored at different temperatures (-20℃, 4℃, and 25℃) for 360 days were determined. According to response surface method (RSM), the optimal proportion of protective agent was 24.6 g/L WPC, 18.8 g/L pullulan, 16.7 g/L trehalose and 39.3 g/L sodium glutamate. The optimum spray-drying parameters were the ratio of bacteria to protective agents 3:1 (v: v), the feed flow rate 240 mL/h, and the inlet air temperature 115℃ through orthogonal test. Based on the above results, the viable counts of L. plantarum was 12.22±0.27 Log CFU/g and the survival rate arrived at 85.12%. The viable counts of L. plantarum stored at -20℃ was more than 10¹⁰ CFU/g after 200 days.