• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2023

Objective: To localize the neuroanatomical substrate of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and to investigate the neuroanatomical locational relationship between RBD and α-synucleinopathy neurodegenerative diseases. Materials and Methods: Using a systematic PubMed search, we identified 19 patients with lesions in different brain regions that caused RBD. First, lesion network mapping was applied to confirm whether the lesion locations causing RBD corresponded to a common brain network. Second, the literature-based RBD lesion network map was validated using neuroimaging findings and locations of brain pathologies at post-mortem in patients with idiopathic RBD (iRBD) who were identified by independent systematic literature search using PubMed. Finally, we assessed the locational relationship between the sites of pathological alterations at the preclinical stage in α-synucleinopathy neurodegenerative diseases and the brain network for RBD. Results: The lesion network mapping showed lesions causing RBD to be localized to a common brain network defined by connectivity to the pons (including the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, central superior nucleus, and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray), regardless of the lesion location. The positive regions in the pons were replicated by the neuroimaging findings in an independent group of patients with iRBD and it coincided with the reported pathological alterations at post-mortem in patients with iRBD. Furthermore, all brain pathological sites at preclinical stages (Braak stages 1-2) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and at brainstem Lewy body disease in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) were involved in the brain network identified for RBD. Conclusion: The brain network defined by connectivity to positive pons regions might be the regulatory network loop inducing RBD in humans. In addition, our results suggested that the underlying cause of high phenoconversion rate from iRBD to neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathy might be pathological changes in the preclinical stage of α-synucleinopathy located at the regulatory network loop of RBD.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.14-29
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• 2013

목 적: 본 연구는 갱년기 우울증 모델에서 사물탕가향부자(SGH)의 항우울 효능 및 면역반응에 대한 실험적 유의성을 확인함으로써 임상적인 응용에 기초자료로 사용하기 위하여 시행되었다. SGH가 반복적인 스트레스를 가한 난소적출 흰쥐에서 항우울행동 효과와 estradiol level 및 anti-inflammatory cytokine인 IL-4에 미치는 영향을 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법: 난소적출 흰쥐에 2주간 반복적인 스트레스를 주고 동시에 SGH(200 and 400 mg/kg/day)를 경구 투여한 후 행동검사인 Elevated Plus Maze(EPM)를 통한 우울행동과 혈청 estradiol, IL-4의 변화를 측정하였고, 또한 뇌 내 Locus coeruleus(LC)와 Paraventricular Nucleus(PVN)에서 IL-4의 변화를 측정하였다. 결 과: 1. EPM에서 SGH 400 mg 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 open arms에 머무는 시간이 현저히 증가하였고, closed arms에 머무는 시간이 현저히 감소하였다. 2. EPM에서 SGH 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 open arms와 closed arms를 교차하는 횟수가 증가하였으나, 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 3. Estradiol 측정에서 SGH를 투여한 후 estradiol 수준이 현저하게 증가하였다. 4. IL-4 측정에서 SGH를 투여한 후 혈청 IL-4 수준이 현저하게 증가하였다. 5. 뇌에서의 IL-4 면역반응은 대조군에서 감소하였으나, SGH를 투여한 후 LC와 PVN에서 IL-4 수준의 유의성 있는 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 결 론: 이상의 결과로 사물탕가향부자는 난소적출 흰쥐의 항우울행동과 면역조절에 유효함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relations between Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats using peudorabies virus(PRV). Methods : We observed labeled neurons following the injection of PRV, Bartha strain, into the Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas of rats. After survival times of 4 days following the injection of PRV, the rats were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, spinal cord and brain stem were frozen sectioned($35{\mu}m$). These sections were strained by PRV immunohistchemical staining methods and observed with light microscope. Results : The results were as follows. 1. In the spinal ganglia, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were observed in T10-13 dorsal root ganglia. 2. In the spinal cord, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were lamina I, IV, V, VII, IX, X, intermediolateral nucleus(IML), intermediomedial nucleus(IMM) in thoracic segments. In lumbar segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, IX, X and IMM. In sacral segments, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neuron were lamina I, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X. 3. In the brain, the overlap areas of PRV labeled neurons projecting to Sanyinjiao(Sp6), Yinlingquan(Sp9) and pancreas were area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, caudoventrolateral reticular nu., medullary reticular nu., lateral paragigantocellular nu., C3 adrenalin cells, gigantocellular nu., raphe pallidus nu., raphe obscurus nu., ambiguus nu., raphe magnus nu., pontine reticular formation, A5 cell group, subcoeruleus nu., locus coeruleus, Barringnton's nu., $K{\ddot{o}}lliker$-Fuse nu., dorsal raphe nu., Edinger-Westphal nu., central gray matter, perifornical nu., dorsomedial hypothalamic nu., arcuate nu., lateral hypothalamic nu., paraventricular hypothalamic nu., hindlimb area. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that the interrelationship of meridian(spleen meridian), acupoints(Sp6 and Sp9) and viscera(pancreas) may be related the central autonomic centers.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2002

아동에 가해지는 정신적 외상의 충격은 아동의 심리발달에 지울 수 없는 상처를 남김으로써 향후 심각한 정신장애를 일으키는 결정적 원인이 된다. 아동기 외상의 현상학적 특징과 외상에 관여하는 신경생물학적 기전을 살펴보았고, 아동기에 경험하는 외상이 인격의 발달에 미치는 영향과 그와 관련한 정신병리를 알아보았다. 외상에 노출된 아동은 공통적으로 자신이 경험한 공포사건을 시각적으로 재경험하거나 그 기억을 반복하며, 놀이나 행동을 통해서도 외상사건을 반복하려는 경향을 보인다. 일회의 충격적 사건에 노출된 아동은 사건에 대한 지나친 기억과 집착을 보이고 지각왜곡이 심한 반면 장기간 반복되는 외상을 경험하는 아동은 정신적 무감각과 자기최면, 해리, 분노의 경향이 두드러진다. 소아·청소년에서는 외상 후 퇴행이 보다 현저하고 시간감각의 왜곡이 더 심하게 나타나며 아동의 연령이 어릴수록 자율신경계의 반응성이 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 외상적 충격에 노출되면 뇌내에서 즉각적이고 방대한 신경전달물질의 방출이 있게되는데, 자율신경계, 면역계, 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신피질 축(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)이 활성화된다. 외상시 internal opiate가 활발한 작용을 하면서 아동으로 하여금 외상에 반응하지 않도록 하고 외상에 대한 감정반응 자체를 봉쇄할 수 있도록 해준다. 아동기 외상의 경우 central noradrenergic system에 변화가 초래되어 카테콜아민에 대해 과민감한 비정상적 소견을 보이게 된다. 체내 순환되는 cortisol 수치는 감소하고, glucocorticoid 수용체 농도와 반응성이 증가한다. 외상 후 발견되는 기억력 장애는 해마의 구조적 변화와 관련이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 아동기 외상은 자기(self)와 대상(object)에 대한 내적 표상(internal representation)이 지속적으로 분화 발전하는 발달과정에서 일어난다는 점에서 인격의 발달에 심각한 영향을 미치게 된다. 해리, 신체화, 자학성, 자기애 장애의 정신병리로 발전하면서 경계성 인격장애, 자기애성 인격장애, 다중인격장애 등을 초래하게 된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.47-62
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• 2010

Objectives: Colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by colonic mucosal inflammation and chronic relapsing events represents. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of pharmacopuncture of anti-inflammatory herbal compound (AiC) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods: In Male Sprague - Dawley rats, weighing 250~400g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), ST25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), and BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by AiC, respectively (injection volume & times: 0.2 ml / acupoint, twice times on the 2nd & 3rd day). Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hr after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results: The expression of c-Fos protein in the L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hr after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal and 50% ethanol treated group. AiC to LI4 inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol and PAG but not L6 s.c. and LC. AiC to ST36 showed significant inhibition the c-Fos expression in L6 s.c., Sol and PAG. AiC to ST25 only showed the effects in L6 s.c. and PAG. AiC to BL25 inhibited significantly the expression of c-Fos protein all over the areas. To investigate whether or not endogenous opioids are involved, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30ug/30ul) was applied before the 2nd pharmacopuncture treatment 24 hr after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem. Conclusions: These data show that pharmacopuncture of Aic potently inhibits signal pathways ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis and depends on the endogenous opioids according to acupoints.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.51-66
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• 2001

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the central neural pathway projecting to the acupoints $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ using the neuroanatomical method following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga) into the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$. After survival times of 96 hours following injection into the twenty rats with PRV-Ba(Bartha strain) and PRV-Ga(Bartha strain, ${\beta}$-galacidodase insertion). They were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by X-gal histochemical and PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. In spinal cord, overlaped PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga labeled neurons projecting to the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. In thoracic spinal segments, Densely labeled areas were founded in lamina IV, V, VII(intermediolateral nucleus) and X areas. In lumbar segemnts, labeled areas were founded in lamina II, IV, V and X areas. In sacral spinal segments, labeled areas were founded in lamina IV, V and VI areas. 2. In brain, overlaped PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga labeled neurons projecting to the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ were founded in the $A_1$ noradrenalin cells/$C_1$ adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nuclens, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe paltidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, lateral paragigantoceltular nucleus, lateral rcticular nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, motor trigeminal nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, $A_5$ cell group, central gray matter, oculomotor nerve, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, median eminence, amygdaloid nucleus, frontal cortex, forelimb area, hindlimb area, 1, 2 areas of parietal cortex and granular and agranular cortex. This results were suggest that overlaped PRV-Ba and PRV-Ga labeled areas projecting to the $B_{62}$ and $K_6$ may be related to the emotional relay pathway in the central autonomic center.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.95-117
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation between the meridian, acupoints and viscera using neuroanatomical tracers. The common locations of the spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and brain projecting to the large intestine meridian were observed following injection of transganglionic tracer, WGA-HRP and transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), Bartha strain(Ba) and PRV-Ba-Gal (Galactosidase)) into the the large intestine(cecum, colon and rectum), ST37 and LI4. After survival times of 96 hours following injection into the thirty rats with WGA-HRP, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal. They were perfused, and their spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain ganglia, spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP and X-gal histochemical and PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with a light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating the large intestine were observed bilaterally within the T13-L4 sympathetic chain ganglia, and T9-11 spinal ganglia. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating ST37 were observed within the L3-5 sympathetic chain ganglia, and L2-4 spinal ganglia. WGA-HRP labeled neurons innervating LI4 were observed in the middle cervical ganglion and stellate ganglion, and C5-8 spinal ganglia. 2. In spinal cord, PRV-Ba labeled neurons projecting to the large intestine, ST37 and LI4 were found in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina N, V, VII(intermediolateral nucleus), Ⅸ, X and dorsal nucleus. 3. In medulla oblongata, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons projecting to the large intestine, ST37 and LI4 were commonly found in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus and gigantocellular nucleus. 4. In pons, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in locus coeruleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucieus and A5 cell group. 5. In midbrain, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in central gray matter. 6. In diencephalon, PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled neurons were commonly found in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. These results suggest that PRV-Ba and PRV-Ba-Gal labeled common areas projecting to the large intestine may be correlated to that of the large intestine meridian, ST37 and LI4. Especially, These morphological results provide that interrelationship of meridian-acupoints -viscera may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.195-209
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• 2009

Objectives : Transient inflammation has been demonstrated to alter visceral sensory function in animal models and acute mucosal inflammation may precede the manifestation of visceral hyperalgesia. Thus in this study we compared effects of herbal acupuncture of Nidus Vespae (NV) applied to the different acupoints in the acute colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) intracolonic injection in rats. Methods : In Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250 ~ 400 g, TNBS (5 mg/kg) was infused intrarectally through a silicon rubber catheter into the anus under isoflurane anaesthesia. Under general anesthesia, acupoints of LI4 (Hapkok), SI25 (Cheonchu), ST36 (Joksamni), BL25 (Daejangsu) were intramuscularly injected by NV. Expressions of cFos protein in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), nucleus of solitary tract (Sol), and the 6th lumbar spinal cord (L6 s.c.) were observed at 24 hrs after TNBS induced colitis by immunohistochemistry. Results : The expression of c-Fos protein in L6 s.c., Sol, LC and PAG increased 24 hrs after TNBS injection into colorectum as compared to normal group. NV herbal acupuncture also inhibited the expression of c-Fos protein in Sol but not L6 s.c., LC, and PAG. NV to ST36 inhibited significantly the c-Fos expression in Sol and PAG. NV to ST25 inhibited the c-Fos protein expression all over the observation area. NV to BL25 showed the inhibitory effects in the areas except LC. Whether or not a role of endogenous opioids, intrathecal injection of naltrexone (30 ug / 30 ul) was applied before the 2nd herbal acupuncture treatment 24 hrs after TNBS-induced colitis in rat. Naltrexone reversed the inhibition of c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord and brainstem under different conditions such as type of herbal acupuncture compound and choice of acupoint. Conclusions : In summary, these data show that herbal acupuncture of NV inhibits signal pathways such as spinal cord and brain stem ascending hypersensitivity of colorectum after TNBS induced colitis. This effect may be mediated by acupoints through the endogenous opioid system involving the pain modulation.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2007

저주파소음(low frequency noise; LFN)은 인체의 다양한 기관과 정신적 상태에 영향을 미치며, 진동음향질환(vibroacoustic disease; VAD)같은 질병들을 야기 시킨다 이전의 연구에서는 인간 또는 설치류에서 VAD는 우울증 또는 불안장애와 같은 만성적인 정신 건강에 위험을 미친다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LFN이 스트레스의 신경생리적 반응에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, LFN에 노출된 흰쥐에서 스트레스 반응에 중요한 역할을 하는 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus(PVN)에서 초기발현유전자인 c-fos 양성세포 발현, locus coeruleus(LC)에서 NE 생성 효소인 tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) 양성세포 발현과 스트레스 호르몬의 농도를 측정하였다. LFN 집단은 각각 32.5Hz 와 125Hz를 하루에 4시간씩 이틀 동안 소음에 노출 하였으며, 정상집단은 소음에 노출되지 않도록 하였다. 저주파소음에 노출 후 집단 간 혈액내 코르티코스테론 분석과, 면역 조직염색법을 이용하여 스트레스에 반응하는 PVN에서 c-fos발현과, LC에서 TH를 분석한 결과, PVN에서는 c-fos 의 발현과 LC에서 TH의 발현이 증가됨을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 그리고 혈중 코르티코스테론의 농도 또한 LFN 집단에서 높게 발현됨을 확인 하였다. 그리고 32.5Hz보다 125Hz의 소음에서 면역염색반응과 코르티코스테론의 결과가 다소 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 저주파소음에 의해 스트레스와 연관된 뇌의 부위에서 c-Fos와 TH의 발현이 증가됨을 증명하고 있다. 따라서 저주파소음은 일반적인 스트레스에 의한 반응과 비슷한 신경적 특징들을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 저주파소음에 의한 중추, 말초신경계의 활성화는 아마도 진동음향질환과 같은 행동장애 질병과 관련이 있을 것임을 시사한다.