• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.2402-2414
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• 1996

Registration is the process by which a base station gets the information of location and status about mobile stations. Registration will become an increasingly important issue in mobile cellular communications, especially in microcellular system with the increase of location updating traffic. Four typesof registration schemes, which are specified in US standard IS-95 and Korean standard TTA-KO-0062, power up registration scheme, power down registration scheme, distance based registration scheme and zone based registration scheme, will be mainly used in the future. In this paper, we derive the combined cost of signaling traffic of paging and registration for various parameters of mobile stations behavior(unencumbered call duration, power up and down rate, velocity, etc.) then we present numerical results for the perfroamnce of four registration schemes. The size of location area is provided for optimal operation.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.9C no.5
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• pp.789-798
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• 2002

Even when users are moving, a major problem in such a mobile networks is how to locate mobile clients. Two major operations are involved in managing a mobile client's location : the location registration operation and the call tracking operation. The past methods can only minimize the cost of one of these two operations, but not both. The contribution of this paper is to propose strategy that minimize the costs of both operations simultaneously. Our performance analysis proves that the proposed strategies are superior to the past methods.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.597-602
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• 2016

In image guided surgery, a patient registration process is a critical process for the successful operation, which is required to use pre-operative images such as CT and MRI during operation. Though several patient registration methods have been studied, we concentrate on one method that utilizes 3D surface measurement data in this paper. First, a hand-held 3D surface measurement device measures the surface of the patient, and secondly this data is matched with CT or MRI data using optimization algorithms. However, generally used ICP algorithm is very slow without a proper initial location and also suffers from local minimum problem. Usually, this problem is solved by manually providing the proper initial location before performing ICP. But, it has a disadvantage that an experience user has to perform the method and also takes a long time. In this paper, we propose a method that can accurately find the proper initial location automatically. The proposed method finds the proper initial location for ICP by converting 3D data to 2D curvature images and performing image matching. Curvature features are robust to the rotation, translation, and even some deformation. Also, the proposed method is faster than traditional methods because it performs 2D image matching instead of 3D point cloud matching.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.28 no.B
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• pp.9-14
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• 2008

In the Reporting Cell Location Management (RCLM) system, a subset of cells in the network is designated as the reporting cells. Each mobile terminal performs location update only when it enters one of these reporting cells. When a call arrives, the paging is confined to the reporting cell the user last reported and the neighboring bounded non-reporting cells. Frequent location update may result in degradation of quality of service due to interference. Miss on the location of a mobile terminal will necessitate a search operation on the network when a call comes in. We must decide the number of reporting cells and which cell should be reporting cell to balance the registration (location update) and search (paging) operations to minimize the cost of RCLM system. This paper proposes a simulated annealing (SA) for optimization of RCLM system.

• IE interfaces
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2006

In the Reporting Cell Location Management (RCLM) system, a subset of cells in the network is designated as the reporting cells. Each mobile terminal performs location update only when it enters one of these reporting cells. When a call arrives, the paging is confined to the reporting cell the user last reported and the neighboring bounded non-reporting cells. Frequent location update may result in degradation of quality of service due to interference. Miss on the location of a mobile terminal will necessitate a search operation on the network when a call comes in. We must decide the number of reporting cells and which cell should be reporting cell to balance the registration (location update) and search (paging) operations to minimize the cost of RCLM system. This paper proposes a ranking ant colony system (RACS) for optimization of RCLM system.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 1999

Two location algorithm (TLA) considers two location areas (LAs) to track the location of a mobile station (MS). The TLA significantly outperforms the single location algorithm when the call-to-mobility ratio (CMR) is low (i.e., the user moves more frequently than to receive calls). However, because of the paging cost for the users moving back to the previously visited LA, the performance of the TLA degrades when the CMR is high. To reduce those paging cost, we propose the new algorithm called TLA with call information (TLAC). In TLAC, we use the location information of the MS within the setup message when the MS originates a call in the previously visited LA. Through the setup message, the system can know the exact location of the MS without the additional location registration operation, and the paging cost for the arriving calls in the visited LA can be reduced. An analytical model is proposed to compare the TLAC and previous TLA protocol. Our study indicates that the TLAC always guarantees better performance than the TLA. We also observe that the TLAC is much better than the TLA when the CMR is high.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.19-27
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• 2020

This research investigates the determinants of investment capital size in Vietnam's small and medium-sized firms. The study employs a sample of 458 small and medium-sized enterprises in the country. The study is based on data collects in the areas of Hanoi, Bac Can, Buon Ma Thuot and Pleiku Provinces at time series data of October 2019. This study also identifies the factors that affect the size of investment capital in medium and small-sized enterprises in Vietnam. Data are processed via STATA 14.0 and SPSS 20.0 software. The research results indicate that (1) business lines, (2) import and export business, (3) type of business registration, (4) business location, (5) operating time, and (6) the percentage of the organization's capital contribution are factors that impact on the size of the investment capital of the business. Business line and business location have negative impacts on investment capital size. The operating time, the percentage of the organization's capital contribution, import and export business, and the type of business registration have positive impacts on investment capital size. In addition, the findings of this study also suggest that the operation time has the highest impact on investment capital size of the small and medium-sized firms in Vietnam.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1284-1291
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• 2012

Ship object detection is a technique to detect the existence and the location of ship when ship objects are shown on input image sequence, and there are wide variations in accuracy due to environmental changes and noise of input image. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, we propose multiple ship object detection based on background registration technique and morphology operation. The proposed method consists of the following five steps: background elimination step, noise elimination step, object standard position setting step, object restructure step, and multiple object detection steps. The experimental results show accurate and real-time ship detection for 15 different test sequences with a detection rate of 98.7%, and robustness against variable environment. The proposed method may be helpful as the base technique of sea surface monitoring or automatic ship sailing.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2007

The assignment of cells to reporting or non-reporting cells is an NP-hard problem having an exponential complexity in the Reporting Cell Location Management (RCLM) system. Frequent location update may result in degradation of quality of service due to interference. Miss on the location of a mobile terminal will necessitate a search operation on the network when a call comes in. The number of reporting cells and which cell must be reporting cell should be determined to balance the registration (location update) and search (paging) operations to minimize the cost of RCLM system. T1is paper compares Max-Min ant system (MMAS), rank-based ant system (RAS) and hybrid method of MMAS and RAS that generally used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Experimental results demonstrate that hybrid method of MMAS and RAS is an effective and competitive approach in fairly satisfactory results with respect to solution quality and execution time for the optimal design of location management system.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.186-201
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• 1997

In this paper, a home location register (HLR) for CDMA mobile communication system (CMS) is introduced. It stores the mobile station (MS) subscribers locations and supplementary service information. Call processing procedures for HLR are developed to receive and store subscriber's location coming from mobile exchange (MX) during the location registration, and to transfer subscriber's location and supplementary service information to the MX during the mobile-terminated call setup. For fast call processing by increasing database access speed, a memory-resident database management system is devised. For Easy and secure HLR operation, administration and maintenance functions and overload control mechanisms are implemented. Designed HLR hardware platform is expandable and flexible enough to reallocated software blocks to any subsystems within the platform. It is configurable according to the size of subscribers. An authentication center (AC) is developed on the same platform. It screens the qualified MS from the unqualified. The calls to and from the unqualified MS are rejected in CMS. To authenticate the MS, the AC generates a new authentication parameter called "AUTHR" using shared secret data (SSD) and compared it with the other AUTHR received from the MS. The MC also generates and stores seed keys called "A-keys" which are used to generate SSDs. The HLR requirements, the AC requirements, software architecture, hardware platform, and test results are discussed.