• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.241-247
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• 2016

As a domestic traffic control signal system, either the system with which a traffic signal turns into green at regular intervals or the system with which an amber or a red signal flickers on local roads without heavy traffic at midnight has been utilized. However, when the former system is used for roads with light traffic at midnight, delays and congestion can be incurred. Besides, in case of the latter signal system, the risk of vehicle crash is high. This study proposes a response type of flickering green signal system that rearranges signal system after analyzing beacon messages including sensor data. The proposed system, on a trunk road or a branch road at midnight, makes the signal keep flickering in green; When a vehicle enters the range of RSE, the transfer coverage, it transmits beacon messages regularly and Agent System analyzes the messages and alters the signal. It is a system by which vehicles move following the altered signal system, which will not only ensure smooth flow but also prevent vehicles from crashing on a road with light traffic. As a result of a simulation, traffic throughput and the average waiting time displayed 10 to 30 percent better improvement than existing signal systems, in terms of performance.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 1994

Purpose: In supraglottic cancer, radiation therapy is used to preserve the laryngeal function but combined surgery and radiation therapy is required in advanced stage. The authors Present the results of radiation therapy alone and combined surgery Plus Postoperative radiation therapy for supraglottic cancer. Methods and Materials: A retrospective analysis was done for 43 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx who were treated from Feburary 1982 to December 1991, in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea University Hospital. Patient distribution according to the AJCC staging system was as follows: I, 3($7.0\%$); II, 7($16.3\%$); III, 17($39.5\%$); IV, 16($37.2\%$). Patients' age ranged from 30 to 72 years(median 62). Follow up durations were from 21 to 137 months(median 27). Seventeen patients($39.5\%$) were treated by radiation therapy alone with radiation doses of 6840-7380 cGy and 26 patients($60.5\%$) were treated with surgery plus postoperative irradiation with doses of 5820-6660 cGy. Results: Overall five-year survival rate for all stage was $51.8\%$, with $100\%$ for Stage I and II, $47.3\%$ for Stage III, and $29.2\%$ for Stage III. The difference of the survival rate by stage was statistically significant(p=0.0152). Five-year survival rates were $100\%$ for locally confined tumor in the supraglottic larynx, $37.5\%$ for transglottic extension, $26.7\%$ for hypopharynx extension, and only two of 5 patients with both transglottic and hypopharynx extension were alive(p=0.0033). Five-year survival rates by neck node status were as follows: $55.0\%$ for NO, $64.3\%$ for N1, $50.0\%$ for N2, and all 2 of N3 were died of disease. Overall survival rate for radiation therapy alone group was $42.8\%$, and it was $56.7\%$ for surgery plus postoperative radiation therapy group with no statistically significant difference(p=0.5215). In Stage I and II, all Patients survived. In Stage III and IV, 5-year survival rate for radiation therapy alone group was $28.5\%$ and $43.4\%$ for surgery plus postoperative irradiation group(p=0.5103). Local control rate was $58.8\%$(10/17) for radiation therapy alone group and $73.1\%$ (19/26) for surgery plus postoperative irradiation group. Three patients from surgery plus postoperative radiation therapy group developed distant metastasis in lungs. Conclusion: Treatment results of radiation therapy alone was excellent in early stage supraglottic cancer. In advanced stage, even the difference was statistically not significant, the result of postoperative radiation therapy group was superior compared with radiation therapy alone group. Since 1992, concomitant chemoradiotherapy with hyperfractionated radiotherapy is being used to improve the result of the treatment and preserve the laryngeal function in advanced stage supraglottic cancer.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2011

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for wrinkles in human. As well as the anti-wrinkle effects, the anti-pruritic effect of BoNT/A has been revealed from several researches for new therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-pruritic effect of BoNT/A against histamine-induced pruritus on canine skin. Five clinically healthy beagles were included in the study. All dogs were received 0.05 ml (5 Unit) of BoNT/A on the right dorsal thoracic region as an experiment and the same volume of saline solution was injected on the left dorsal thoracic region as a control, respectively. Intradermal histamine injections were performed four times (before treatment and days 1, 3 and 7 after BoNT/A injection). The severity of pruritus, the diameter and thickness of wheal, the erythema index and cutaneous temperature were assessed. The severity of pruritus was reduced on BoNT/A treated sides, compared with saline treated sides (p < 0.05). BoNT/A decreased wheal size, in both diameter and thickness (p < 0.05). Although, erythema index of both sides were increased after first histamine injection, BoNT/A treated sides showed the low-value as compared with saline treated sides. Cutaneous temperature was decreased significantly on BoNT/A treated sides. These results indicates that BoNT/A reduce histamine-induced pruritus on canine skin and suggested a possibility of application of BoNT/A for local intractable dermatologic problem in dogs.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.622-633
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• 2015

With recent news reports on violent crimes committed by foreigners, public hatred toward foreign criminals and fear about such crimes are growing, calling into question public safety measures implemented by the police and the immigration system. At the same time, due to globalization and structural changes in the labor market, it is certain that the influx of migrant workers will continue to increase. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to examine the current status of foreign nationals staying in Korea and their criminal records focusing on Suwon city, and propose public safety measures the police could take with regard to crimes committed by foreigners. Also, the paper looks into public safety measures of the Korea Immigration Service and Suwon city, and suggests short- and long-term measures to prevent crimes committed by foreigners. The paper begins by examining the current public safety measures of the police and Suwon City concerning crimes committed by foreign nationals residing in Korea. Based on such examination, it points out insufficient patrol and investigation personnel as problems, and recommends short- and long-term measures for future improvement. This paper maintains that for the Korean society to successfully deal with the increasing number of foreigners in Korea, the current immigration system and public safety measures of the police will have to change. While the police alone cannot reduce the crime rates at local and national levels, nonetheless, proactive measures by the police are needed given the growing number of migrant workers and immigrants in Korea. Also important are mindset changes not only of relevant authorities, but also of the public. The paper recommends a set of short-and long-term public safety measures the police should institute to efficiently deal with crimes committed by foreigners.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 1995

Purpose: Unresectable rectal cancer has a grave prognosis. regardless of the therapy used and median survival is less than 1 rear. Also, it is reported by many authors that $50-80\%$ of unresectable lesions were rendered resectable by radiation therapy and the median survival time for the completely resected patients were better than that of the unresected patients. So we analyzed retrospectively our data for the better treatment outcome in these patients. Materials and MEthods:From 1980 to 1992, 45 patients with initially unresectable tumors in the rectum were treated with radiation therapy with/without surgery in Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center 10 MV radiation and multiple field technique (box or AP/PA) were used. The total dose was 28-70 Gy and median dose was 48 Gy. We evaluated the lesion status at 45-50 Gy for operability. If the lesions appeared to be resectable, the Patients were operated on 4-6 weeks after radiation therapy. But if the lesions were still fixed, the radiation dose was increased to 60-65 Gy. Results: For all patients, the 2-year actuarial survival was $13.3\%$ and median survival was 9.5 months. Of 6 patients who had received less than 45 Gy, only $17\%$ of patients responded, but in the patients who had received more than 45 Gy, $60\%$ of response rate was achieved Six of the 24 patients$(25\%)$ underwent surgical resections following RT. For patients undergoing curative resection. the two-rear survival was $50\%,$ but that of the patients without resection was $9.5\%$ (p<0.01). Survival of patients with complete response following RT was $50\%$ at 2 years. Survival of patients with partial response, stable disease and progressive disease after RT was $13.4\%,\;15.4\%,\;0\%$ respectively (P<0.05). Conclision: Our data suffests that the efforts which can increase the response rate and aggressive surgical approach are needed to achieve the better local control and survival in unresectable rectal cancers.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 1998

Purpose : This study was to evaluate survival, failure patterns, and prognostic factors of stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx after curative radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was done for 57 patients with glottic cancer who were treated with curative radiation therapy from June 1985 to November 1992. There were 55 male and two female patients. Patients' age ranged from 17 to 71 years(median 39 years). Radiation therapy was delivered five times a week, 2 Gy daily, total 66 Gy using 6 MV X-ray. Results : Complete response(CR) was noted in 51 out of 57 patients (89.5%) and persistent disease (PER) in six out of 57 patients(10.5%). The disease-free survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 72.9% and 63.8%, respectively. Seven failures were observed among 51 CR patients during follow-up. Salvage total laryngectomy for six recurred patients and partial laryngectomy for one recurred patient were done with successful results, i.e., all of them were actually salvaged. Among six PER patients, salvage total laryngectomy for two patients and partial laryngectomy for two patients were done and two patients refused operation. Following salvage surgery for the four PER patients, three were salvaged and one failed locoregionally. Among the 13 failures 10(76.9%) were salvaged with surgery. The ultimate local control rate at 5 years was 92.3% and overall 47 out of 57 (82.5%) patients were able to preserve their larynx. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 85.5% for posterior lesions, and 61.6% for anterior lesions(P<0.05). Cord mobility, involvement of anterior commissure, field size, and T stage did not impact on disease-free survival. Conclusion : Considering the high percentage of voice preservation with initial radiotherapy, radiotherapy should be the first choice in the treatment of stage 1 glottic carcinoma.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.551-560
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• 2015

Here we report the protective activity of cultured Acer tegmentosum cell extract against liver damage in rat intentionally instigated by D-galactosamine. Local fat degeneration and infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly decreased in cultured A. tegmentosum cell extract administered rat. In addition, acutely increased AST, ALT, LDH, ALP activities and lipid peroxidation and lipid content by liver damage were recovered in experimental rat administrated with A. tegmentosum extract. These results showed that cultured A. tegmentosum cell extract has a role in blood enzyme activation and lipid content restoration within damaged rat liver tissues. Moreover expression rate of TNF-α which accelerates inflammation and induces tissue damage and necrosis was significantly decreased. Also activities of antioxidant enzymes were more effectively upregulated comparing to those of the control group induced hepatotoxicity. All data that cultured A. tegmentosum cell extract has a preventive role against liver damages such as inflammation, tissue necrosis in rats by improving activities of blood enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and modulating expression of inflammation factor, suggest that cultured Acer tegmentosum cell extract is an effective medicinal resource for restoration of hepatotoxicity.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Safety management in hazardous areas with potentially explosive gas atmospheres (here in after referred to as hazardous areas) in large scale facilities dealing with combustible or flammable materials at home and abroad is very important (significant) for the coexistence of the company and local society based on business continuity management (BCM) and reliance. For the safety management in hazardous areas, two systems are mainly used: (1) the control system for the prevention of combustible or flammable substances and (2) the explosion proof system for the elimination of ignition sources when flammable gases are leaked to inhibit the transition to fire or explosion accidents. While technology and regulations on explosion proof facilities or devices for electrical ignition sources are well developed and defined, those for thermal ignition sources need to be more developed and established. In this study, the internal combustion engine in hazardous areas was investigated to determine the risk of ignition. For this purpose, document searches were conducted on the relevant international standards and accidents cases and risk analysis reports. In addition, this study assessed the application cases of the diesel engine's safety equipment, such as spark arresters regarding the site of process safety management (PSM) system in central Korea. To practically apply these results to the hydrocarbon industry, the safety management method for explosion prevention in hazardous areas was provided by risk identification for ignition sources of internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.67-78
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• 2016

Recently many countries around the world are actively promoting smart city projects to address various urban problems such as traffic congestion, housing shortage, and energy scarcity. Due to development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the development of a smart city with sustainability, convenience, and environment-friendliness was enabled through the effective control and reuse of urban resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the technical trends of IoT and present a development plan for smart city which is one of the applications of the IoT. To this end, the news articles of the Electronic Times between 2013 and 2015were analyzed using the text mining technique and smart city development cases of other countries were investigated. The analysis results revealed the close relationships of big data, cloud, platforms, and sensors with smart city. For the successful development of a smart city, first, all the interested parties in the city must work together to create new values throughout the entire process of value chain. Second, they must utilize big data and disclose public data more actively than they are doing now. This study has made academic contribution in that it has presented a big data analysis method and stimulated follow-up studies. For the practical contribution, the results of this study provided useful data for the policy making of local governments and administrative agencies for smart city development. This study may have limitations in the incorporation of the total trends because only the news articles of the Electronic Times were selected to analyze the technical trends of the IoT.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.379-393
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• 2015

The fire damage has been increased as the frequency of fire incidence decreases with increasing in death and economic loss. Local governments are dependent on the activities of fire-fighters with crude preparedness and prevention for fire incidence. Most of researches on fire safety have focused on descriptive statistics which show general trends in fire incidence and condition. Here we tried to make a mutual causal model for fire damage, to make three big hypotheses with laying three small hypotheses under each big hypothesis. Five years statistics from public domains in the form of hardcopy or softcopy were collected and fifteen independent variables were selected to explain the number of death, the number of fire incidence and the amount of economic loss from fire incidence. The significances of statistics are different among the regional characteristics. The hypotheses were partially rejected and the meanings of rejected factors will refresh the tentative prejudice. It is necessary to revise the principle that the number of population and size of area are regarded as the most important criteria to allocate resources for fire control and to have the criteria flexible with results of our research such as the number of the weak to fire disaster.